Kuyesa kwa VS
Kuzindikira ndi ntchito yaukadaulo yowunikira chimodzi kapena zingapo za chinthu chomwe wapatsidwa, njira kapena ntchito molingana ndi njira yomwe yatchulidwa.Kuzindikira ndi njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakuwunika kofananira, yomwe ndi njira yodziwira kuti zinthu zikukwaniritsa zofunikira zenizeni.Kuyendera kwachizoloŵezi kumaphatikizapo kukula, kupanga mankhwala, mfundo zamagetsi, makina opangira makina, ndi zina zotero. Kuyesedwa kumachitidwa ndi mabungwe osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo mabungwe a boma, mabungwe a maphunziro ndi mabungwe ofufuza, mabungwe amalonda ndi mafakitale.
Kuyang'anira kumatanthauza kuwunika kogwirizana kudzera mu kuyeza, kuyang'ana, kuzindikira kapena kuyeza.Padzakhala kuphatikizika pakati pa kuyezetsa ndi kuyang'anira, ndipo zochitika zoterezi nthawi zambiri zimachitidwa ndi bungwe lomwelo.Kuyang'ana kumatengera kuyang'ana kowoneka, koma kungaphatikizepo kuzindikira, nthawi zambiri pogwiritsa ntchito zida zosavuta, monga geji.Kuyang'anirako nthawi zambiri kumachitika ndi ogwira ntchito ophunzitsidwa bwino molingana ndi zolinga ndi njira zokhazikika, ndipo kuwunika nthawi zambiri kumadalira kuweruza kodziwikiratu komanso chidziwitso cha wowunikirayo.
01
Mawu osokoneza kwambiri
ISO 9000 VS ISO 9001
ISO9000 sikutanthauza muyezo, koma gulu la miyezo.Banja la miyezo ya ISO9000 ndi lingaliro lomwe linaperekedwa ndi International Organisation for Standardization (ISO) mu 1994. Imatanthawuza miyezo yapadziko lonse yopangidwa ndi ISO/Tc176 (Technical Committee for Quality Management and Quality Assurance of the International Organisation for Standardization).
ISO 9001 ndi imodzi mwamiyezo yofunikira ya kasamalidwe kabwino kamene kamaphatikizidwa mu ISO9000 banja la miyezo.Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutsimikizira kuti bungwe lili ndi kuthekera kopereka zinthu zomwe zimakwaniritsa zofunikira zamakasitomala komanso zofunikira pakuwongolera, ndi cholinga chofuna kusangalatsa makasitomala.Zimaphatikizapo mfundo zinayi zazikuluzikulu: kasamalidwe kabwino - maziko ndi mawu, kasamalidwe kabwino - zofunikira, kasamalidwe kabwino - kalozera wowongolera magwiridwe antchito, ndi kalozera wowunikira kasamalidwe kabwino ndi chilengedwe.
Certification VS kuzindikira
Chitsimikizo chimatanthawuza zochitika zowunikira zomwe bungwe lopereka ziphaso limatsimikizira kuti zinthu, ntchito, ndi kasamalidwe kazinthu zimagwirizana ndi zofunikira kapena milingo yaukadaulo wofunikira.
Kuvomerezeka kumatanthawuza zochitika zowunikira zomwe zimavomerezedwa ndi bungwe lovomerezeka kuti athe kukwanitsa ndikuchita ziyeneretso za bungwe lopereka ziphaso, bungwe loyang'anira, labotale ndi ogwira ntchito omwe akuchita nawo ntchito zowunika, kufufuza ndi ntchito zina zotsimikizira.
CNAS VS CMA
CMA, mwachidule ku China Metrology Accreditation.Metrology Law of the People's Republic of China ikunena kuti bungwe loyang'anira zamtundu wazinthu zomwe zimapereka zidziwitso zodziwika bwino kwa anthu zikuyenera kutsimikizira kutsimikizika kwa metrological, kuthekera koyesa komanso kudalirika kochitidwa ndi dipatimenti yoyang'anira mayendedwe a metrological ya boma la anthu kumtunda kapena pamwamba pazigawo.Kuunikaku kumatchedwa metrological certification.
Chitsimikizo cha metrological ndi njira yowunikira mokakamiza mabungwe owunikira (ma laboratories) omwe amapereka chidziwitso chodziwika bwino cha anthu kudzera m'malamulo a metrological ku China, omwe anganenenso kuti ndikuvomerezedwa kokakamiza kwa ma laboratories ndi boma okhala ndi mawonekedwe aku China.Zomwe zaperekedwa ndi bungwe loyang'anira zamtundu wazinthu zomwe zadutsa chiphaso cha metrological zidzagwiritsidwa ntchito potsimikizira zamalonda, kuwunika kwamtundu wazinthu ndikuwunika zomwe zakwaniritsa ngati chidziwitso cha notarial komanso kukhala ndi mphamvu zamalamulo.
CNAS: China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment (CNAS) ndi bungwe ladziko lonse lovomerezeka lomwe linakhazikitsidwa ndi kuvomerezedwa ndi National Certification and Accreditation Administration Commission malinga ndi zomwe zili mu Malamulo a People's Republic of China pa Certification ndi Accreditation, omwe ali ndi udindo. kuvomereza mabungwe aziphaso, ma laboratories, mabungwe oyendera ndi mabungwe ena ofunikira.
Kuvomerezeka kwa labotale ndikodzifunira komanso kotenga nawo mbali.Muyezo womwe watengedwa ndi wofanana ndi iso/iec17025:2005.Pali mgwirizano wovomerezana womwe wasainidwa ndi ILAC ndi mabungwe ena apadziko lonse lapansi ovomerezeka a labotale kuti agwirizane.
Kufufuza kwamkati motsutsana ndi kafukufuku wakunja
Kuwunika kwamkati ndikuwongolera kasamalidwe ka mkati, kulimbikitsa kuwongolera kwabwino pochita zowongolera ndi njira zopewera zovuta zomwe zapezeka, kufufuza mkati mwa bizinesi, kufufuza kwa chipani choyamba, ndikuwona momwe kampani yanu ikuyendera.
Kuwunika kwakunja nthawi zambiri kumatanthawuza kuwunika kwa kampani ndi kampani yopereka ziphaso, komanso kuwunika kwa gulu lachitatu kuti awone ngati kampaniyo ikugwira ntchito molingana ndi dongosolo lokhazikika, komanso ngati satifiketi ingapatsidwe.
02
Ma certification omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri
1. Bungwe la certification: limatanthawuza bungwe lomwe lavomerezedwa ndi dipatimenti yoyang'anira zotsimikizira ndi kuvomereza ndi kuyang'anira Boma la State Council, ndipo lapeza ziyeneretso za munthu wazamalamulo molingana ndi malamulo, ndipo atha kuchita nawo ntchito za certification mkati mwa chivomerezo.
2. Kufufuza: kumatanthauza njira yokhazikika, yodziyimira payokha komanso yolembedwa kuti munthu apeze umboni wofufuza ndikuwunika moyenera kuti adziwe kuchuluka kwa zomwe zalembedwa.
3. Auditor: akutanthauza munthu amene ali ndi kuthekera kochita kafukufukuyu.
4. Dipatimenti yoyang'anira certification ya m'deralo imanena za bungwe loyang'anira zotuluka m'deralo ndi malo okhala kwaokha omwe amakhazikitsidwa ndi dipatimenti yoyang'anira zaubwino ndi luso la boma la anthu a chigawo, dera lodziyimira pawokha ndi ma municipalities molunjika pansi pa Boma Lalikulu ndi kuyang'aniridwa kwaubwino, dipatimenti yoyendera ndi kuika kwaokha anthu a State Council yololedwa ndi dipatimenti yoyang'anira ndi kuyang'anira ziphaso za dziko.
5. Chitsimikizo cha CCC: chikutanthauza chiphaso chokakamizidwa cha mankhwala.
6. Kutumiza kunja: kumatanthawuza kukhazikitsidwa kwa kasungidwe kazaumoyo ndi Boma kwa mabizinesi omwe akupanga, kukonza ndi kusunga zakudya zotumizidwa kunja (zomwe zimatchedwa mabizinesi opanga chakudya kunja) molingana ndi zofunikira za Food Safety Law. .National Certification and Accreditation Administration (yomwe imadziwika kuti Certification and Accreditation Administration) ndiyo imayang'anira ntchito zamabizinesi opangira chakudya kunja kwa dziko.Mabizinesi onse omwe amapanga, kukonza ndi kusunga chakudya kunja kwa dziko la People's Republic of China ayenera kupeza chiphaso cha mbiri yaumoyo asanatulutse, kukonza ndi kusunga chakudya kunja.
7. Malingaliro akunja: akutanthauza kuti kampani yopanga chakudya kunja yomwe ikufunsira kulembetsa kumayiko ena azaumoyo yadutsa kuwunika ndi kuyang'anira ofesi yoyang'anira zotuluka ndi zotsekera m'magawo ake, bungwe loyang'anira zotuluka ndikukhala kwaokha lidzapereka bizinesiyo. kufunsira zolemba zachipatala zakunja ku National Certification and Accreditation Administration (yomwe imadziwika kuti Certification and Accreditation Administration), ndipo bungwe la certification and accreditation Commission lidzatsimikizira kuti likukwaniritsa zofunikira, The CNCA (m'dzina la "National Certification and Accreditation Administration of the People's Republic of China”) ivomereza chimodzimodzi kwa akuluakulu oyenerera a mayiko kapena zigawo.
8. Kulembetsa katundu kumatanthauza kuperekedwa ndi kukhazikitsidwa mwalamulo kwa Makonzedwe a Registration and Administration of Foreign Production Enterprises of Imported Foods mu 2002, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito polembetsa ndi kuyang'anira makampani opanga zinthu zakunja, kukonza ndi kusunga (zomwe zimadziwika kuti mabizinesi opanga zinthu zakunja) kutumiza chakudya ku China.Opanga akunja omwe akutumiza katundu mu Catalogue kupita ku China ayenera kulembetsa kulembetsa ku National Certification and Accreditation Administration.Chakudya cha opanga kunja popanda kulembetsa sichidzatumizidwa kunja.
9. HACCP: Kusanthula Zowopsa ndi Malo Ovuta Kwambiri.HACCP ndiye mfundo yofunikira yomwe imatsogolera mabizinesi azakudya kuti akhazikitse njira yoyendetsera chitetezo chazakudya, ndikugogomezera kupewa ngozi m'malo modalira kuwunika kwazinthu zomaliza.Dongosolo loyang'anira chitetezo chazakudya kutengera HACCP limatchedwa HACCP system.Ndi njira yozindikirira, kuwunika ndikuwongolera zoopsa zomwe zingachitike pachitetezo chazakudya.
10, Organic ulimi: amatanthauza "Malinga ndi mfundo zina organic ulimi ulimi, sitigwiritsa ntchito zamoyo ndi katundu awo akamagwira chibadwa uinjiniya kupanga, musagwiritse ntchito mankhwala kupanga mankhwala, feteleza, owongolera kukula, zowonjezera chakudya ndi zinthu zina, kutsatira malamulo achilengedwe ndi mfundo za chilengedwe, kulinganiza bwino pakati pa kubzala ndi ulimi wa m'madzi, ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira zamakono zaulimi kuti zikhale zokhazikika komanso zokhazikika zaulimi.China ili ndi Mulingo wadziko lonse wa Organic Products (GB/T19630-2005) idaperekedwa.
11. Chitsimikizo cha zinthu za organic: chimatanthawuza zochita za mabungwe opereka ziphaso kuti aziwunika momwe zinthu zimapangidwira komanso kukonza zinthu molingana ndi Administrative Measures for Organic Product Certification (AQSIQ Decree [2004] No. 67) ndi zina zotsimikizira, ndi kutsimikizira kuti amakwaniritsa miyezo ya dziko lonse la Organic Products.
12. Zopangidwa ndi organic: kutanthauza zinthu zomwe zimapangidwa, kukonzedwa ndikugulitsidwa motsatira miyezo yadziko yazinthu zachilengedwe ndikutsimikiziridwa ndi mabungwe azamalamulo.
13. Chakudya chobiriwira: chimatanthawuza chakudya chomwe chimabzalidwa, kulimidwa, chogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi feteleza wachilengedwe, ndikukonzedwa ndikupangidwa pansi pa chilengedwe, ukadaulo wopanga, komanso miyezo yaumoyo yopanda poizoni wambiri komanso mankhwala otsalira otsalira pansi pamikhalidwe yopanda kuipitsidwa, ndi zotsimikiziridwa ndi akuluakulu a certification okhala ndi chizindikiro cha green food.(Chitsimikizocho chimatengera mulingo wamakampani a Unduna wa Zaulimi.)
14. Zogulitsa zaulimi zosaipitsa: zimatanthawuza za zinthu zaulimi zomwe sizinasinthidwe kapena zosinthidwa poyamba zomwe malo awo amapangira, njira zopangira ndi mtundu wazinthu zomwe zimakwaniritsa zofunikira zamayiko ndi zofunikira, zatsimikiziridwa kuti ndi zoyenerera ndipo zalandira chiphaso cha certification. kuloledwa kugwiritsa ntchito chizindikiro chazaulimi chopanda kuipitsa.
15. Satifiketi yoyang'anira chitetezo chazakudya: imatanthawuza kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo ya HACCP ku dongosolo lonse la kasamalidwe ka chitetezo cha chakudya, lomwe limaphatikizanso zofunikira za kasamalidwe kabwino, ndikuwongolera momveka bwino ntchito, chitsimikiziro ndi kuwunika kwa chakudya. kasamalidwe ka chitetezo cha chakudya.Malinga ndi Implementation Rules for Certification of Food Safety Management System, bungwe la certification limachita zowunikira mabizinesi opanga chakudya molingana ndi GB/T22000 "Food Safety Management System - Zofunikira Pamabungwe Osiyanasiyana mu Chain Chain" ndi zina zapadera zapadera. zofunikira zaukadaulo, zomwe zimatchedwa certification of food safety management system (FSMS certification mwachidule).
16. GAP - Njira Yabwino Yaulimi: Imatanthauza kugwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso chamakono chaulimi poyendetsa mwasayansi mbali zonse za ulimi, ndikulimbikitsa chitukuko chokhazikika cha ulimi ndikuwonetsetsa ubwino ndi chitetezo cha ulimi.
17. Ntchito Yabwino Yopanga Zinthu: (GMP-Good Manufacturing Practice): Imatanthawuza dongosolo lonse la kasamalidwe kabwino lomwe limapeza zinthu zomwe zikuyembekezeka pofotokoza momwe zinthu ziliri (monga nyumba zamafakitale, zida, zida ndi zida) komanso zofunikira pakuwongolera ( monga kuwongolera kupanga ndi kukonza, kuyika, kusungirako, kugawa, ukhondo wa ogwira ntchito ndi maphunziro, ndi zina) zomwe zogulitsa ziyenera kukhala nazo popanga ndi kukonza, ndikugwiritsa ntchito kasamalidwe ka sayansi ndikuwunika mosamalitsa nthawi yonse yopanga.Zomwe zafotokozedwa mu GMP ndizomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri zomwe mabizinesi okonza chakudya ayenera kukwaniritsa, komanso zofunikira pakukhazikitsa ndi kukhazikitsa njira zina zotetezera chakudya komanso kasamalidwe kabwino.
18. Chitsimikizo cha msika wobiriwira: chimatanthawuza kuwunika ndi kutsimikizira kwa malo ogulitsa ndi ogulitsa, zida (zosungirako, kuzindikira, kukonza) zomwe zikubwera komanso kasamalidwe kabwino, ndi kusunga katundu, kusungirako, kulongedza, kasamalidwe kaukhondo, chakudya chapamalo. kukonza, kubwereketsa msika ndi zina zothandizira ndi njira.
19. Kuyenerera kwa ma laboratories ndi mabungwe oyendera: kumatanthauza mikhalidwe ndi kuthekera komwe ma laboratories ndi mabungwe owunikira omwe amapereka deta ndi zotsatira zomwe zingatsimikizire ku gulu ayenera kukhala nazo.
20. Kuvomerezeka kwa ma laboratories ndi mabungwe oyendera: kumatanthauza kuwunika ndi kuzindikiritsa ntchito zomwe bungwe la National Certification and Accreditation Administration likuchita komanso nthambi zoyang'anira zaubwino ndi luso la maboma a anthu azigawo, zigawo zodziyimira pawokha ndi matauni mwachindunji pansi pa Boma lalikulu ngati zofunikira ndi kuthekera kwa ma laboratories ndi mabungwe owunikira amagwirizana ndi malamulo, malamulo oyendetsera ntchito ndi zofunikira zaukadaulo kapena miyezo.
21. Chitsimikizo cha Metroloji: Chimatanthawuza kuwunika kwa kutsimikizika kwa metrological, magwiridwe antchito a zida zoyezera, malo ogwirira ntchito ndi luso la ogwira ntchito, komanso kuthekera kwadongosolo labwino kuwonetsetsa kuti miyeso yofananira ndi yolondola mabungwe oyang'anira zamtundu wazinthu zomwe zimapereka chidziwitso chachilungamo kwa anthu ndi National Accreditation Administration ndi dipatimenti zowunikira zamtundu wanthawi zonse molingana ndi zomwe zili ndi malamulo oyenera ndi malamulo oyendetsera ntchito, komanso kuthekera kwadongosolo labwino kuwonetsetsa kuyesa koyenera komanso kodalirika. deta.
22. Kuwunika ndi kuvomereza (kuvomereza): kumatanthauza kuunikanso kwa kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka anthu. ndi m'madipatimenti oyang'anira zaubwino m'deralo molingana ndi zomwe zili m'malamulo oyenera ndi malamulo oyendetsera ntchito.
23. Kutsimikizira kuthekera kwa labotale: Kumatanthauza kutsimikiza kwa luso la kuyesa kwa labotale poyerekeza pakati pa ma laboratories.
24. Pangano la mgwirizano wa mgwirizano (MRA): likutanthauza mgwirizano wogwirizana womwe wasainidwa ndi maboma onse kapena mabungwe oyesa mogwirizana ndi zotsatira za kuunika kogwirizana ndi kuvomereza zotsatira za kuwunika kogwirizana kwa mabungwe omwe amawunikira mogwirizana mkati mwa mgwirizano.
03
Terminology yokhudzana ndi certification yazinthu ndi bungwe
1. Wofunsira/makasitomala wotsimikizira: mabungwe amitundu yonse olembetsedwa ndi dipatimenti yoyang'anira zamakampani ndi zamalonda ndikupeza ziphaso zamabizinesi motsatira malamulo, kuphatikiza mitundu yonse ya mabungwe omwe ali ndi umunthu wazamalamulo, komanso mabungwe ena omwe akhazikitsidwa mwalamulo, ali ndi bungwe linalake. nyumba ndi katundu, koma alibe umunthu mwalamulo, monga mabizinesi okha eni eni, mabizinesi ogwirizana, mabizinesi amtundu waubwenzi, mabizinesi aku China-akunja, mabizinesi ogwira ntchito ndi mabungwe omwe amapereka ndalama zakunja popanda umunthu wovomerezeka, Nthambi zokhazikitsidwa ndi zololedwa ndi anthu ovomerezeka. ndi mabizinesi apawokha.Zindikirani: Wopemphayo amakhala ndi chilolezo atalandira satifiketi.
2. Wopanga/wopanga zinthu: bungwe lovomerezeka mwalamulo lomwe lili pamalo amodzi kapena angapo okhazikika omwe amayendetsa kapena kuwongolera kamangidwe, kupanga, kuwunika, kasamalidwe ndi kasungidwe kwazinthu, kuti athe kukhala ndi udindo wotsata mosalekeza kwa zinthu zomwe zili zoyenera. zofunika, ndi kutenga udindo wonse mu mbali zimenezo.
3. Wopanga (malo opangira)/makampani opanga zinthu omwe adapatsidwa: malo omwe kusonkhana komaliza ndi/kapena kuyesa kwa zinthu zovomerezeka kumachitikira, ndipo ziphaso zotsimikizira ndi mabungwe otsimikizira amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti akwaniritse ntchito zowatsata.Chidziwitso: Nthawi zambiri, wopanga ndiye malo ochitira msonkhano womaliza, kuwunika mwachizolowezi, kutsimikizira zotsimikizira (ngati zilipo), kulongedza, ndikuyika chizindikiro cha dzina lazinthu ndi chizindikiritso.Ngati njira zomwe tazitchulazi sizingakwaniritsidwe pamalo amodzi, malo athunthu kuphatikiza chizolowezi, kuwunika kotsimikizira (ngati kulipo), dzina lazinthu ndi chizindikiritso chidzasankhidwa kuti chiwunikidwe, ndipo ufulu wopitiliza kuyendera malo ena udzasankhidwa. kukhala osungidwa.
4. Wopanga OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer): wopanga yemwe amapanga zinthu zovomerezeka malinga ndi kapangidwe kake, kuwongolera njira zopangira ndi zowunikira zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi kasitomala.Zindikirani: Wogula akhoza kukhala wopempha kapena wopanga.Wopanga OEM amapanga zinthu zovomerezeka pansi pa zida za wopanga OEM malinga ndi kapangidwe kake, kuwongolera njira zowongolera ndi zowunikira zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi kasitomala.Zizindikiro za ofunsira/opanga osiyanasiyana zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito.Makasitomala osiyanasiyana ndi ma OEM aziyang'aniridwa padera.Zinthu zamakina sizingawunikidwe mobwerezabwereza, koma kuwongolera njira zopangira ndikuwunika zofunikira pazogulitsa ndi kuwunika kosasinthika kwazinthu sikungalekeredwe.
5. Wopanga ODM (Original Design Manufacturer): fakitale yomwe imapanga, imapanga ndi kupanga zinthu zomwezo kwa opanga mmodzi kapena angapo pogwiritsa ntchito zofunikira zomwe zimatsimikizira luso lapamwamba, mapangidwe apangidwe omwewo, kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake.
6. Wokhala ndi satifiketi yoyambira ya ODM: bungwe lomwe lili ndi satifiketi yotsimikizira zachinthu cha ODM.1.7 Bungwe lomwe wogulitsa amapereka zigawo, zigawo ndi zipangizo kuti wopanga apange zinthu zovomerezeka.Chidziwitso: Pofunsira chiphaso, ngati wogulitsa ndi wogulitsa/wogulitsa, wopanga kapena wopanga zida, magawo ndi zida ziyeneranso kufotokozedwa.
04
Terminology yokhudzana ndi certification yazinthu ndi bungwe
1. Ntchito yatsopano: mapulogalamu onse a ziphaso kusiyapo zosintha ndi kubwerezanso ndi ntchito zatsopano.
2. Ntchito yowonjezera: wopempha, wopanga ndi wopanga adalandira kale ziphaso zazinthu, ndikupempha ziphaso zazinthu zatsopano zamtundu womwewo.Zindikirani: Zogulitsa zofananira zimatanthawuza zazinthu zomwe zili mkati mwa nambala ya matanthauzidwe a fakitale.
3. Ntchito yowonjezera: wopempha, wopanga ndi wopanga adalandira kale chiphaso cha zinthu, ndi ntchito yotsimikizira zinthu zatsopano zamitundu yosiyanasiyana.Chidziwitso: Zogulitsa zamitundu yosiyanasiyana zimatengera zomwe zili mkati mwamitundu yosiyanasiyana yamafakitale.
4. ODM mode ntchito: ntchito mu ODM mode.Mawonekedwe a ODM, ndiye kuti, opanga ODM amapanga, kukonza ndi kupanga zinthu za opanga molingana ndi mapangano oyenera ndi zolemba zina.
5. Sinthani ntchito: ntchito yopangidwa ndi mwiniwakeyo pakusintha kwa chidziwitso cha satifiketi, bungwe komanso zomwe zingakhudze kusasinthika kwazinthu.
6. Kubwerezanso ntchito: chikalata chisanathe, ngati mwiniwakeyo akufunika kupitiriza kukhala ndi chiphaso, adzapemphanso mankhwalawo ndi satifiketi.Zindikirani: Pempho lofunsidwanso lidzatumizidwa chikalatacho chisanathe, ndipo satifiketi yatsopano idzaperekedwa chikalatacho chisanathe, apo ayi chidzatengedwa ngati ntchito yatsopano.
7. Kuyang'anira fakitale mosagwirizana: chifukwa chanthawi yayitali yoyendera kapena zifukwa zina, bizinesiyo imafunsira ndipo yavomerezedwa ndi oyang'anira certification, koma mayeso ovomerezeka a chinthu chomwe adafunsira chiphaso sichinamalizidwe.
05
Terminology yokhudzana ndi kuyesa
1. Kuyesa kwamtundu wazinthu / mtundu wazinthu: kuwunika kwazinthu kumatanthawuza ulalo wazinthu zotsimikizira zazinthu kuti mudziwe mawonekedwe azinthu poyesa, kuphatikiza zofunikira zachitsanzo ndi zoyesa zoyesa.Kuyesa kwamtundu wazinthu ndikuwonetsetsa kuti chinthucho chikukwaniritsa zofunikira zonse zomwe zimafunikira.Kuyang'ana kwazinthu kumaphatikizapo kuyesa mtundu wazinthu;Munjira yopapatiza, kuyang'ana kwazinthu kumatanthawuza kuyezetsa komwe kumachitidwa molingana ndi zisonyezo zina za milingo yazinthu kapena milingo yamtundu wazinthu.Pakadali pano, mayeso otengera miyezo yachitetezo chazinthu amatanthauzidwanso ngati mayeso amtundu wazinthu.
2. Kuwunika kwanthawi zonse / kuyang'anira kachitidwe: Kuwunika pafupipafupi ndikuwunika kwa 100% pazogulitsa zomwe zili pamzere wopanga pamapeto omaliza.Nthawi zambiri, pambuyo poyang'anira, palibe kukonza kwina komwe kumafunikira kupatula kulongedza ndi kulemba zilembo.Zindikirani: Kuwunika kwanthawi zonse kumatha kuchitidwa ndi njira yofananira komanso yofulumira yomwe idatsimikiziridwa pambuyo potsimikizira.
Kuyang'anira njira kumatanthawuza kuyang'ana kwa nkhani yoyamba, chinthu chomwe chatsirizidwa kapena njira yofunika kwambiri popanga, yomwe imatha kukhala 100% kuyang'anira kapena kuyesa zitsanzo.Kuyang'anira njira kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zopangira zinthu, ndipo mawu oti "kuyang'ana njira" amagwiritsidwanso ntchito pamiyezo yofananira.
3. Kuwunika kotsimikizira / kutumizira: kutsimikizira kutsimikizira ndikuwunika kwachitsanzo kutsimikizira kuti katunduyo akupitilizabe kukwaniritsa zofunikira za muyezo.Mayeso otsimikizira adzachitidwa molingana ndi njira zomwe zafotokozedwa muyeso.Chidziwitso: Ngati wopanga alibe zida zoyesera, kuwunika kotsimikizira kumatha kuperekedwa ku labotale yoyenerera.
Kuyang'anitsitsa kwa fakitale ndiko kuwunika komaliza kwa zinthu zikachoka kufakitale.Kuyang'anira kotumizira kumagwira ntchito pazinthu zopangira zinthu.Mawu oti "kayendetsedwe ka zinthu" amagwiritsidwanso ntchito pamiyezo yofananira.Kuyang'anira kotumizira kuyenera kumalizidwa ndi fakitale.
4. Mayeso osankhidwa: mayeso opangidwa ndi wopanga pamalo opangira zinthu molingana ndi zinthu zosankhidwa ndi woyang'anira molingana ndi miyezo (kapena malamulo a certification) kuti awone kusasinthika kwazinthu.
06
Terminology yokhudzana ndi kuyang'anira mafakitale
1. Kuyang'anira fakitale: kuyang'anira mphamvu zotsimikizira za fakitale komanso kugwirizana kwa zinthu zovomerezeka.
2. Kuyang'anira fakitale koyambirira: kuyang'ana fakitale kwa wopanga yemwe akufunsira satifiketi asanalandire satifiketi.
3. Kuyang'anira ndi kuyang'anira pambuyo pa chiphaso: Pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti zinthu zovomerezeka zikupitiriza kukwaniritsa zofunikira za certification, kuwunika kwa fakitale nthawi zonse kapena kosazolowereka kumachitika kwa wopanga, kuyang'anira ndi kuyang'anira nthawi zambiri kumayang'anira fakitale kuyang'anira zitsanzo za ntchito pa nthawi yomweyo.
4. Kuyang'anira ndi kuyang'anira mwachizolowezi: kuyang'anira ndi kuyang'anira pambuyo pa chiphaso molingana ndi kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kamwebundubwino kapabubwinobwinobwinobwinobwinobwinobwinobwinobwinobwinobwinobwinobwinobwinobwinobwinobwinobwinobwinobwinobwinobwinobwinorskeke.Nthawi zambiri amatchedwa kuyang'anira ndi kuyang'anira.Kuyang'anira kutha kuchitidwa kapena popanda chidziwitso.
5. Kuyang'anira ndege: njira yoyang'anira ndi kuyang'anira mwachizolowezi, yomwe ndikupatsa gulu loyendera kuti lifike mwachindunji pamalo opangira zinthu molingana ndi malamulo oyenera popanda kudziwitsa mwiniwake wa chilolezo / wopanga pasadakhale kuti achite kuyang'anira ndi kuyang'anira fakitale ndi/kapena fakitale. kuyang'anira ndi sampuli pabizinesi yololedwa.
6. Kuyang'anira ndi kuyang'anira mwapadera: mawonekedwe a kuyang'anira ndi kuyang'anira pambuyo pa chiphaso, chomwe ndi kuonjezera maulendo akuyang'anira ndi kuyang'anira ndi / kapena kuyang'anira fakitale ndi zitsanzo za wopanga molingana ndi malamulo a certification.Zindikirani: kuyang'anira ndi kuyang'anira mwapadera sikungalowe m'malo mwa kuyang'anira ndi kuyang'anira wamba.
07
Terminology yokhudzana ndi kuwunika kogwirizana
1. Kuunikira: kuyang'anira / kuyang'anira zinthu zovomerezeka, kuwunikanso mphamvu zotsimikizira za wopanga ndikuwunika kusasinthasintha kwazinthu malinga ndi zofunikira za malamulo ovomerezeka.
2. Kufufuza: chigamulo chisanachitike, tsimikizirani kukwanira, kutsimikizika ndi kugwirizana kwa zomwe zaperekedwa pakufunsira kwa certification ya malonda, ntchito zowunikira ndi kuyimitsidwa, kuletsa, kuletsa ndi kubwezanso kwa satifiketi yotsimikizira.
3. Chigamulo cha certification: weruzani momwe ntchito za certification zikuyendera, ndikupanga chigamulo chomaliza ngati mungavomereze, kusunga, kuyimitsa, kuletsa, kuletsa ndi kubwezeretsa satifiketiyo.
4. Kuunika koyambirira: gawo la chigamulo cha certification ndikutsimikizira kukwanira, kugwirizana ndi mphamvu ya chidziwitso chomwe chaperekedwa pamapeto omaliza a ntchito yowunikira certification.
5. Kuwunikanso: chigawo cha chigamulo cha certification ndikutsimikizira kutsimikizika kwa ntchito za certification ndikupanga chigamulo chomaliza ngati angapeze satifiketiyo komanso ngati avomereza, kusunga, kuyimitsa, kuletsa, kubweza ndi kubwezeretsa satifiketiyo.
Nthawi yotumiza: Mar-17-2023