Kwemeza, kwemerera, kugenzura no gupima nuburyo bwibanze bwo gushimangira imicungire myiza no kunoza imikorere yisoko mubihe byubukungu bwisoko, kandi igice cyingenzi cyo kugenzura isoko.Ikiranga cyingenzi ni "gutanga ikizere no gukorera iterambere", bifite ibimenyetso byingenzi biranga isoko no kumenyekanisha mpuzamahanga.Azwi nka "icyemezo cyubuvuzi" cyo gucunga neza, "ibaruwa yinguzanyo" yubukungu bwisoko, na "pass" yubucuruzi mpuzamahanga.
1 、 Igitekerezo no gusobanura
1).Igitekerezo cy’ibikorwa Remezo by’igihugu (NQI) cyatanzwe bwa mbere n’umuryango w’abibumbye ishinzwe iterambere ry’ubucuruzi (UNCTAD) n’umuryango w’ubucuruzi ku isi (WTO) mu 2005. Mu 2006, Umuryango w’abibumbye ushinzwe iterambere ry’inganda (UNIDO) n’umuryango mpuzamahanga ushinzwe Ibipimo ngenderwaho (ISO) byashyize ahagaragara ku mugaragaro igitekerezo cy’ibikorwa remezo by’ubuziranenge bw’igihugu, kandi byitwa gupima, ubuziranenge, no gusuzuma ibipimo (kwemeza no kwemerera, kugenzura no gupima nkibintu nyamukuru) nkinkingi eshatu z’ibikorwa remezo by’igihugu.Ibi bitatu bigize urwego rwa tekiniki rwuzuye, arirwo guverinoma n’inganda zigamije kuzamura umusaruro, kubungabunga ubuzima n’ubuzima, kurengera uburenganzira bw’umuguzi, no kurengera ibidukikije Uburyo bukomeye bwa tekiniki bwo kubungabunga umutekano no kuzamura ireme bushobora gushyigikira neza imibereho myiza y’abaturage, ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga na iterambere rirambye.Kugeza ubu, igitekerezo cy’ibikorwa remezo by’igihugu byemewe n’umuryango mpuzamahanga.Muri 2017, nyuma y’ubushakashatsi bwakozwe n’imiryango 10 ibishinzwe ishinzwe imicungire y’ubuziranenge, iterambere ry’inganda, iterambere ry’ubucuruzi n’ubufatanye bw’amabwiriza, hasobanuwe igitekerezo gishya cy’ibikorwa remezo cyiza mu gitabo “Politiki y’ubuziranenge - Amabwiriza ya tekiniki” cyatanzwe n’umuryango w’abibumbye y’inganda. Ishami rishinzwe iterambere (UNIDO) muri 2018. Igisobanuro gishya cyerekana ko ibikorwa remezo bifite ireme ari gahunda igizwe n’imiryango (ya Leta n’abikorera ku giti cyabo) na politiki, amategeko n’amategeko ngengamikorere akenewe mu gushyigikira no kuzamura ireme, umutekano no kurengera ibidukikije. ibicuruzwa, serivisi n'ibikorwa.Muri icyo gihe, hagaragajwe ko gahunda y’ibikorwa remezo ijyanye n’abaguzi, inganda, serivisi z’ibikorwa remezo bifite ireme, ibigo remezo bifite ireme, n’imiyoborere ya leta;Hashimangiwe kandi ko gahunda y’ibikorwa remezo ijyanye n’ibipimo, ibipimo, kwemererwa (byashyizwe ku rutonde bitandukanye n’isuzumabumenyi), gusuzuma ibipimo no kugenzura isoko.
2) .Igitekerezo cyo gusuzuma ibipimo bisobanurwa mu rwego mpuzamahanga ISO / IEC17000 “Amagambo n'amahame rusange yo gusuzuma ibipimo”.Isuzumabushobozi ryerekana "kwemeza ko ibisabwa byerekanwe bijyanye n'ibicuruzwa, inzira, sisitemu, abakozi cyangwa ibigo byujujwe".Nk’uko byatangajwe na “Building Trust in Assessment Assessment” byashyizwe ahagaragara n’umuryango mpuzamahanga wita ku buringanire n’umuryango w’abibumbye ishinzwe iterambere ry’inganda, abakiriya b’ubucuruzi, abaguzi, abakoresha ndetse n’abayobozi ba leta bategereje ubuziranenge, kurengera ibidukikije, umutekano, ubukungu, kwiringirwa, guhuza, gukora, gukora neza no gukora neza ibicuruzwa na serivisi.Inzira yo kwerekana ko ibyo biranga byujuje ibisabwa mubipimo, amabwiriza nibindi bisobanuro byitwa guhuza ibipimo.Isuzumabushobozi ritanga uburyo bwo guhuza niba ibicuruzwa na serivisi bijyanye byujuje ibyo biteganijwe hakurikijwe ibipimo ngenderwaho, amabwiriza n'ibindi bisobanuro.Ifasha kwemeza ko ibicuruzwa na serivisi bitangwa ukurikije ibisabwa cyangwa ibyo wiyemeje.Mu yandi magambo, gushyiraho ikizere mu isuzumabumenyi rishobora guhuza ibikenerwa n’ubukungu bw’isoko kandi bigateza imbere iterambere ryiza ry’ubukungu bw’isoko.
Ku baguzi, abaguzi barashobora kungukirwa nisuzuma ryihuza, kuko isuzuma ryihuza ritanga urufatiro kubakoresha guhitamo ibicuruzwa cyangwa serivisi.Ku mishinga, abayikora nabatanga serivise bakeneye kumenya niba ibicuruzwa na serivisi byujuje ibisabwa n amategeko, amabwiriza, ibipimo ngenderwaho nibisobanuro kandi bikabitanga ukurikije ibyo abakiriya bategereje, kugirango birinde igihombo ku isoko kubera kunanirwa kw'ibicuruzwa.Ku nzego zibishinzwe, barashobora kungukirwa no gusuzuma ibipimo kuko bibaha uburyo bwo gushyira mu bikorwa amategeko n'amabwiriza no kugera ku ntego za politiki rusange.
3).Ubwoko bwibanze bwisuzumabushobozi Isuzumabumenyi rihuza ahanini ubwoko bune: gutahura, kugenzura, kwemeza no kwemeza.Ukurikije ibisobanuro mu rwego mpuzamahanga ISO / IEC17000 “Amagambo yo gusuzuma amahame n'amahame rusange”:
EstGupima ni "igikorwa cyo kumenya kimwe cyangwa byinshi biranga ikintu cyo gusuzuma ibintu ukurikije inzira".Muri rusange, ni igikorwa cyo gukoresha ibikoresho nibikoresho kugirango dusuzume ukurikije ibipimo bya tekiniki n'ibisobanuro, kandi ibisubizo by'isuzuma ni amakuru y'ibizamini.Kugenzura ni "igikorwa cyo gusuzuma igishushanyo mbonera cy'ibicuruzwa, ibicuruzwa, inzira cyangwa iyinjizwamo no kumenya niba cyujuje ibisabwa byihariye, cyangwa kugena kubahiriza ibisabwa muri rusange bishingiye ku guca imanza z'umwuga".Muri rusange, nukumenya niba bihuye namabwiriza abigenga ushingiye kuburambe nubumenyi bwabantu, ukoresheje amakuru yikizamini cyangwa andi makuru yisuzuma.Icyemezo ni "icyemezo cya gatatu cyerekeye ibicuruzwa, inzira, sisitemu cyangwa abakozi".Muri rusange, bivuga ibikorwa byo gusuzuma ibicuruzwa, serivisi, sisitemu yubuyobozi n'abakozi bijyanye n'ibipimo bijyanye n'ibisobanuro bya tekiniki, byemejwe n'ikigo cyemeza imiterere ya muntu.CcKwemerera ni "icyemezo cya gatatu cyerekana ko ikigo gishinzwe gusuzuma ibipimo gifite ubushobozi bwo gukora imirimo yihariye yo gusuzuma".Muri rusange, bivuga ibikorwa byo gusuzuma guhuza ikigo cyemewe cyemeza ubushobozi bwa tekiniki yikigo cyemeza, ikigo cyubugenzuzi na laboratoire.
Birashobora kugaragara mubisobanuro byavuzwe haruguru ko ibintu byo kugenzura, gutahura no gutanga ibyemezo ari ibicuruzwa, serivisi nimiryango yimishinga (ireba isoko);Ikintu cyo kumenyekana ni ibigo bikora ubugenzuzi, ibizamini no gutanga ibyemezo (bitaziguye ku isoko).
4. Ibiranga ibikorwa byo gusuzuma ibikorwa bishobora kugabanywamo ibyiciro bitatu: ishyaka rya mbere, ishyaka rya kabiri nundi muntu wa gatatu ukurikije ibiranga ibikorwa byo gusuzuma:
Ishyaka rya mbere ryerekeza ku isuzumabumenyi ryakozwe n’abakora ibicuruzwa, abatanga serivisi n’abandi batanga isoko, nko kwisuzuma ubwabo ndetse n’ubugenzuzi bw’imbere bwakozwe n’abakora kugira ngo babone ubushakashatsi n’iterambere ryabo, igishushanyo mbonera n’ibikenewe.Ishyaka rya kabiri ryerekeza ku isuzumabumenyi ryakozwe n’umukoresha, umuguzi cyangwa umuguzi n’abandi basaba, nko kugenzura no kugenzura ibicuruzwa byaguzwe n’umuguzi.Igice cya gatatu bivuga isuzumabushobozi ryakozwe n’umuryango w’abandi batagengwa nuwabitanze nuwabitanze, nkicyemezo cyibicuruzwa, ibyemezo bya sisitemu yo gucunga, ibikorwa bitandukanye byo kumenyekanisha, nibindi. Ibikorwa byo kugenzura no gupima ibyemezo, kumenyekanisha no gutanga ibyemezo kuri societe yose ni isuzuma ryabandi bantu.
Ugereranije n’isuzumabumenyi ry’ishyaka rya mbere n’ishyaka rya kabiri, isuzumabushobozi ry’abandi bantu rifite ububasha bwo hejuru no kwizerwa binyuze mu ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’ubwigenge n’ubushobozi bw’umwuga by’ibigo hakurikijwe amahame y’igihugu cyangwa mpuzamahanga n’ibisobanuro bya tekiniki, bityo akaba yaratsindiye kumenyekana kwisi yose kumasoko.Ntishobora gusa kwemeza neza ubuziranenge no kurengera inyungu z’impande zose, ariko kandi irashobora kongera ikizere ku isoko no guteza imbere ubucuruzi.
6. Kugaragaza ibisubizo by'isuzuma ry'ibisubizo Ibisubizo by'isuzumabumenyi bisanzwe bitangazwa ku baturage mu nyandiko yanditse nk'impamyabumenyi, raporo n'ibimenyetso.Binyuze muri iki gihamya rusange, dushobora gukemura ikibazo cyamakuru asimmetrie kandi tukizera muri rusange amashyaka bireba nabaturage.Ifishi nyamukuru ni:
Icyemezo cyemeza, ikimenyetso cyo kumenyekanisha ikimenyetso, ikimenyetso cyo kugenzura na raporo y'ibizamini
2 Inkomoko n'iterambere
1).Kugenzura no gutahura ubugenzuzi no gutahura byajyanye numusaruro wabantu, ubuzima, ubushakashatsi bwa siyansi nibindi bikorwa.Hamwe nibisabwa mubikorwa byubucuruzi nubucuruzi kugirango igenzure ubuziranenge bwibicuruzwa, ibikorwa bisanzwe, bishingiye kubikorwa kandi bigenzurwa nibikorwa byo kugenzura no kugerageza bigenda bitera imbere.Mugihe cyanyuma cyimpinduramatwara yinganda, ikoranabuhanga ryo kugenzura no gutahura ibikoresho nibikoresho byahujwe cyane kandi biragoye, kandi ibigo byubugenzuzi nubushakashatsi bwihariye mubizamini, kalibrasi no kugenzura byagaragaye buhoro buhoro.Kugenzura no gutahura ubwabyo byahindutse urwego rwinganda.Hamwe n’iterambere ry’ubucuruzi, habaye ibigo by’igenzura n’ibizamini by’abandi bantu kabuhariwe mu gutanga serivisi zinoze nko gupima umutekano w’ibicuruzwa no kumenyekanisha ibicuruzwa muri sosiyete, nka Laboratoire y'Abanyamerika y'Abanyamerika (UL) yashinzwe mu 1894, ifite uruhare runini uruhare mu guhanahana ubucuruzi no kugenzura isoko.
2).Impamyabumenyi Mu 1903, Ubwongereza bwatangiye gushyira mu bikorwa ibyemezo no kongeramo ikirango cya “kite” ku bicuruzwa bya gari ya moshi byujuje ibisabwa hakurikijwe ibipimo byashyizweho n’ikigo cy’Ubwongereza gishinzwe ubuziranenge (BSI), kiba uburyo bwa mbere bwo kwemeza ibicuruzwa ku isi.Kugeza mu myaka ya za 1930, ibihugu byinganda nku Burayi, Amerika n'Ubuyapani byari byarashyizeho uburyo bwihariye bwo gutanga ibyemezo no kubyemeza, cyane cyane kubicuruzwa byihariye bifite ingaruka nziza n’umutekano, kandi bishyira mu bikorwa uburyo bwo gutanga ibyemezo byateganijwe bikurikiranye.Hamwe n’iterambere ry’ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga, mu rwego rwo kwirinda ibyemezo by’impimbano no koroshya ubucuruzi, ni nkenerwa ko ibihugu byashyiraho amahame ngenderwaho hamwe n’amategeko hamwe n’uburyo bukoreshwa mu gutanga ibyemezo, kugira ngo hamenyekane ibisubizo by’impamyabumenyi hashingiwe kuri ibyo.Kugeza mu myaka ya za 70, usibye ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya sisitemu yo gutanga ibyemezo mu bihugu byabo, ibihugu by’Uburayi n’Amerika byatangiye gukora uburyo bwo kumenyekanisha uburyo bwo gutanga ibyemezo hagati y’ibihugu, hanyuma biteza imbere muri sisitemu yo gutanga ibyemezo mu karere hashingiwe ku bipimo ngenderwaho by’akarere.Uburyo busanzwe bwo gutanga ibyemezo mukarere ni CENELEC y’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’i Burayi (Komisiyo y’ibihugu by’Uburayi ishinzwe amashanyarazi) ibyemezo by’amashanyarazi, bikurikirwa no guteza imbere Amabwiriza y’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi.Kubera ko isi igenda yiyongera ku bucuruzi mpuzamahanga, ni inzira byanze bikunze gushyiraho uburyo bwo gutanga ibyemezo ku isi hose.Mu myaka ya za 1980, ibihugu byo ku isi byatangiye gushyira mu bikorwa gahunda mpuzamahanga yo gutanga ibyemezo bishingiye ku bipimo mpuzamahanga n'amategeko agenga ibicuruzwa bitandukanye.Kuva icyo gihe, yagiye yiyongera buhoro buhoro kuva mu rwego rwo kwemeza ibicuruzwa kugera mu rwego rwa sisitemu yo gucunga no gutanga impamyabumenyi ku bakozi, nka sisitemu mpuzamahanga yo gucunga ubuziranenge ISO9001 yatejwe imbere n’umuryango mpuzamahanga ushinzwe ubuziranenge (ISO) n'ibikorwa byo gutanga ibyemezo byakozwe hakurikijwe ibi bisanzwe.
3).Kumenyekanisha Hamwe niterambere ryigenzura, ibizamini, ibyemezo nibindi bikorwa byo gusuzuma ibihuye, ubwoko butandukanye bwibigo bishinzwe gusuzuma ibipimo bikora ibikorwa byo kugenzura, gupima no gutanga ibyemezo byagaragaye.Ibyiza n'ibibi bivanze, bigatuma abakoresha nta mahitamo bafite, ndetse n'inzego zimwe na zimwe zangije inyungu z'ababifitemo inyungu, bituma leta isaba ko hajyaho imyitwarire y'ibigo bishinzwe ibyemezo n'ibigo bishinzwe ubugenzuzi n'ibizamini.Mu rwego rwo kwemeza ububasha no kutabogama by’ibyemezo byo kugenzura no kugenzura, ibikorwa byo kwemerera byatangiye.Mu 1947, ikigo cya mbere cyemewe mu gihugu, Ositaraliya NATA, cyashinzwe bwa mbere muri laboratoire.Mu myaka ya za 1980, ibihugu byateye imbere mu nganda byari bimaze gushinga ibigo byacyo byemewe.Nyuma ya za 90, ibihugu bimwe bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere nabyo byashyizeho ibigo byemewe bikurikirana.Hamwe ninkomoko niterambere rya sisitemu yo gutanga ibyemezo, yagiye itera imbere kuva mubyemezo byibicuruzwa kugeza kuri sisitemu yubuyobozi, ibyemezo bya serivisi, ibyemezo byabakozi nubundi bwoko;Hamwe ninkomoko niterambere rya sisitemu yo kwemerera, yagiye itera imbere buhoro buhoro kuva muri laboratoire kugeza ibyemezo byumubiri, kwemeza urwego rwubugenzuzi nubundi bwoko.
3 、 Imikorere n'imikorere
Impamvu ituma ibyemezo, kwemererwa, kugenzura no kugerageza ari gahunda shingiro yubukungu bwisoko rishobora kuvugwa muri make nk "ikiranga kimwe cyingenzi, ibintu bibiri bisanzwe, imirimo itatu yibanze nimirimo ine ikomeye".
Ikintu kimwe cyingenzi nikiranga kimwe cyingenzi: kwimura ikizere no guteza imbere serivisi.
Gukwirakwiza ikizere no guteza imbere ubukungu bwisoko nubukungu bwinguzanyo.Ibicuruzwa byose byamasoko nibyo guhitamo abitabiriye isoko bishingiye kubwizerane.Hamwe n’ubwiyongere bugabanijwe mu kugabana imibereho n’ibibazo by’ubuziranenge n’umutekano, gusuzuma no kugenzura neza ikintu cyagurishijwe ku isoko (ibicuruzwa, serivisi cyangwa umuryango w’ibigo) n’undi muntu ufite ubushobozi bw’umwuga byahindutse ihuriro rikenewe mu bukungu bw’isoko ibikorwa.Kubona ibyemezo no kumenyekana kubandi bantu birashobora kongera icyizere cyimpande zose kumasoko, bityo bigakemura ikibazo cyamakuru asimmetrie kumasoko kandi bikagabanya neza ingaruka zubucuruzi bwisoko.Nyuma yo kuvuka kwa sisitemu yo gutanga ibyemezo no kwemererwa, yakoreshejwe byihuse kandi ikoreshwa cyane mubikorwa byimbere mu gihugu ndetse n’amahanga mu rwego rw’ubukungu n’ubucuruzi mu rwego rwo guha ikizere abakiriya, inganda, guverinoma, sosiyete ndetse n’isi.Muri gahunda yo gukomeza kunoza gahunda yisoko na sisitemu yubukungu bwisoko, ibiranga ibyemezo no kumenyekana "gutanga ikizere no gukorera iterambere" bizagenda bigaragara.
Ibintu bibiri biranga Ibintu bibiri biranga: kumenyekanisha isoko no kumenyekanisha mpuzamahanga.
Ibikorwa-bishingiye ku isoko kwemeza no kumenyekana bituruka ku isoko, gukorera isoko, gutera imbere ku isoko, kandi bibaho cyane mubikorwa byubucuruzi bwisoko nkibicuruzwa na serivisi.Irashobora kohereza amakuru yemewe kandi yizewe ku isoko, igashyiraho uburyo bwo kwizerana ku isoko, kandi ikayobora isoko kugirango ibeho neza.Ibigo byamasoko birashobora kugera kubwizerane no kumenyekana, guca inzitizi zamasoko ninganda, guteza imbere korohereza ubucuruzi, no kugabanya ibiciro byubucuruzi bwinzego hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo kwemeza no kumenyekanisha;Ishami rishinzwe kugenzura amasoko rishobora gushimangira kugenzura ubuziranenge n’umutekano, guhuza uburyo bwo kugera ku isoko no mu bikorwa ndetse no kugenzura nyuma y’ibyabaye, kugena gahunda y’isoko no kugabanya igiciro cy’ubugenzuzi hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo kwemeza no kumenyekanisha.Impamyabumenyi mpuzamahanga iranga no kumenyekana ni amategeko mpuzamahanga yiganje mu bukungu n’ubucuruzi mu rwego rw’umuryango mpuzamahanga w’ubucuruzi (WTO).Umuryango mpuzamahanga muri rusange ufata ibyemezo no kumenyekana nkuburyo busanzwe bwo kugenzura isoko no koroshya ubucuruzi, kandi bushiraho ibipimo bihuriweho, inzira na sisitemu.Ubwa mbere, hashyizweho imiryango mpuzamahanga y’ubufatanye mpuzamahanga mu nzego nyinshi, nk’umuryango mpuzamahanga wita ku bipimo ngenderwaho (ISO), komisiyo mpuzamahanga y’ikoranabuhanga (IEC), ihuriro mpuzamahanga ryemewe (IAF), n’umuryango mpuzamahanga w’ubufatanye bwa Laboratwari (ILAC).Intego yabo ni ugushiraho urwego mpuzamahanga ruhuriweho hamwe no gutanga ibyemezo no kwemeza kugirango bagere ku "igenzura rimwe, ikizamini kimwe, icyemezo kimwe, kumenyekana no kuzenguruka isi".Icya kabiri, umuryango mpuzamahanga washyizeho ibipimo ngenderwaho byuzuye hamwe n’amabwiriza ngenderwaho, byatanzwe n’imiryango mpuzamahanga nk’umuryango mpuzamahanga ushinzwe ubuziranenge (ISO) na komisiyo mpuzamahanga y’ikoranabuhanga (IEC).Kugeza ubu, hatanzwe amahame 36 mpuzamahanga yo gusuzuma ibipimo ngenderwaho, byemejwe n’ibihugu byose ku isi.Muri icyo gihe, Amasezerano yerekeye inzitizi za tekiniki ku bucuruzi (WTO / TBT) y’umuryango w’ubucuruzi ku isi kandi agenga ibipimo ngenderwaho by’igihugu, amabwiriza ya tekiniki n’uburyo bwo gusuzuma ibipimo, kandi agashyiraho intego zifatika, ingaruka nkeya ku bucuruzi, gukorera mu mucyo, ubuvuzi bw’igihugu, mpuzamahanga ibipimo n'amahame yo kumenyekanisha kugirango hagabanuke ingaruka ku bucuruzi.Icya gatatu, kwemeza no kwemeza uburyo bukoreshwa cyane mumahanga, kuruhande rumwe, nkingamba zo kugera kumasoko kugirango ibicuruzwa na serivisi byujuje ibisabwa n'amabwiriza ngenderwaho, nk'amabwiriza ya EU CE, Ubuyapani PSE, icyemezo cy'Ubushinwa CCC nibindi sisitemu yo gutanga ibyemezo ku gahato;Sisitemu zimwe na zimwe zo gutanga amasoko mpuzamahanga, nka Global Food Safety Initiative (GFSI), nazo zikoresha ibyemezo no kwemererwa nkuburyo bwo gutanga amasoko cyangwa ishingiro ryisuzuma.Ku rundi ruhande, nk'igipimo cyorohereza ubucuruzi, kirinda kwipimisha no gutanga ibyemezo binyuze mu kumenyekanisha ibihugu byombi kandi byinshi.Kurugero, gahunda yo kumenyekanisha nka sisitemu yo gupima no gutanga ibyemezo kubicuruzwa bya elegitoroniki n’amashanyarazi (IECEE) hamwe na sisitemu yo gusuzuma ubuziranenge bwibikoresho bya elegitoronike (IECQ) yashyizweho na komisiyo mpuzamahanga ishinzwe amashanyarazi ikora ibice birenga 90% byubukungu bwisi, koroshya cyane ubucuruzi bwisi.
Imirimo itatu yibanze Imikorere itatu yibanze: gucunga neza "icyemezo cyubuvuzi", ubukungu bwisoko "ibaruwa yinguzanyo", nubucuruzi mpuzamahanga "pass".Kwemeza no kumenyekana, nkuko izina ribivuga, ni ugusuzuma guhuza ibicuruzwa, serivisi n’imiryango yabo yimishinga no gutanga ibyemezo rusange muri societe kugirango bikemure ibigo byamasoko kubiranga ubuziranenge butandukanye.Inzego za leta zigabanya “icyemezo” cyo kubuza kwinjira, imikorere ya “icyemezo” yo guteza imbere kwizerana no korohereza ibigo by’isoko biragenda ari ngombwa.
Icyemezo cya "testisme physique" cyemeza no kwemeza imicungire yubuziranenge ni inzira yo gusuzuma no kunoza niba ibikorwa by’ibikorwa n’ibikorwa by’inganda bihuye n’ibipimo n’ibisobanuro ukoresheje uburyo butandukanye bwo gucunga ubuziranenge ukurikije ibisabwa n’amabwiriza, kandi ni igikoresho cyiza cyo gushimangira imiyoborere myiza muri rusange.Ibikorwa byo gutanga ibyemezo no kwemerera birashobora gufasha ibigo kumenya amasano yingenzi nimpamvu ziterwa no kugenzura ubuziranenge, gukomeza kunoza imicungire yubuziranenge, no gukomeza kuzamura ireme ryibicuruzwa na serivisi.Kugirango babone ibyemezo, ibigo bigomba kunyura mumasuzuma menshi nko kugenzura imbere, kugenzura imiyoborere, kugenzura uruganda, kugenzura ibipimo, gupima ubwoko bwibicuruzwa, nibindi. Nyuma yo kubona ibyemezo, bakeneye kandi kugenzura buri gihe nyuma yo gutanga ibyemezo, bivuze. ko urutonde rwuzuye rw "ibizamini byumubiri" rushobora gukomeza kwemeza imikorere yimikorere yubuyobozi, kandi bigashimangira imiyoborere myiza.Intego yubukungu bwisoko nubukungu bwinguzanyo.Kwemeza, kwemerera, kugenzura no kwipimisha bitanga amakuru yemewe kandi yizewe kumasoko, bifasha gushyiraho uburyo bwo kwizerana kumasoko, kunoza imikorere yimikorere yisoko, no kuyobora kubaho kwizima ku isoko.Kubona ibyemezo byabandi-byemewe ni ubwikorezi bwinguzanyo bwerekana ko umuryango wibigo ufite ibyangombwa byo kwitabira ibikorwa byubukungu bwisoko ryihariye kandi ko ibicuruzwa cyangwa serivisi itanga byujuje ibisabwa.Kurugero, ISO9001 ibyemezo bya sisitemu yo gucunga ubuziranenge nicyo kintu cyibanze cyamasoko yo mu gihugu ndetse n’amahanga ndetse n’amasoko ya leta yo gushinga imishinga yitabira gupiganira amasoko.Kubijyanye nibisabwa byihariye nkibidukikije n’umutekano w’amakuru, icyemezo cya ISO14001 cyo gucunga ibidukikije no kwemeza sisitemu yo gucunga umutekano wa ISO27001 nacyo kizakoreshwa nkibisabwa;Amasoko ya leta y’ibicuruzwa bizigama ingufu n’umushinga w’igihugu “Izuba Rirashe” bifata icyemezo cy’ibicuruzwa bizigama ingufu ndetse n’icyemezo gishya cy’ingufu nkibisabwa kwinjira.Turashobora kuvuga ko kugenzura no kwemeza no kugenzura bitanga ingingo yisoko ibyemezo byinguzanyo, bigakemura ikibazo cyamakuru asimmetrie, kandi bigira uruhare rudasubirwaho mugutanga ikizere mubikorwa byubukungu bwisoko.Bitewe n'ibiranga mpuzamahanga, icyemezo cya "pass" no kumenyekanisha ubucuruzi mpuzamahanga bishyigikirwa n’ibihugu byose nk "igenzura rimwe n’ikizamini, icyemezo kimwe no kumenyekana, ndetse no kumenyekanisha mpuzamahanga", bishobora gufasha ibigo n’ibicuruzwa kwinjira ku isoko mpuzamahanga neza, kandi ugire uruhare runini muguhuza amasoko mpuzamahanga, guteza imbere korohereza ubucuruzi nindi mirimo yingenzi muri sisitemu yubucuruzi bwisi.Ninzego zinzego zogutezimbere gufungura isoko muri sisitemu yubucuruzi bwibihugu byinshi kandi byombi.Mu rwego rw’ibihugu byinshi, kwemeza no kwemererwa ntabwo ari amategeko mpuzamahanga yo guteza imbere ubucuruzi bw’ibicuruzwa mu rwego rw’umuryango mpuzamahanga w’ubucuruzi (WTO), ahubwo ni n’uburyo bwo kugera kuri gahunda zimwe na zimwe zitanga amasoko ku isi nka gahunda yo kwihaza mu biribwa ndetse n’itumanaho. Ubumwe;Mu rwego rw’ibihugu byombi, kwemeza no kwemerera ntabwo ari igikoresho cyoroshye cyo gukuraho inzitizi z’ubucuruzi mu rwego rw’ubucuruzi bw’ubucuruzi bwisanzuye (FTA), ahubwo ni n'ikibazo gikomeye cy’imishyikirano y’ubucuruzi hagati ya guverinoma ku bijyanye n’isoko, uburinganire bw’ubucuruzi n’indi mishyikirano y’ubucuruzi. .Mubikorwa byinshi byubucuruzi mpuzamahanga, ibyemezo byimpamyabumenyi cyangwa raporo yikizamini yatanzwe n’ibigo bizwi ku rwego mpuzamahanga bifatwa nkibisabwa mu gutanga amasoko n’ubucuruzi bukenewe mu gukemura ubucuruzi;Ntabwo aribyo gusa, ibihugu byinshi mubiganiro byinjira mumasoko birimo ibyemezo, kumenyekana, kugenzura no kugerageza nkibintu byingenzi mumasezerano yubucuruzi.
Ibikorwa bine byingenzi: kunoza isoko, gutanga isoko, kugenzura ibidukikije, no guteza imbere gufungura isoko.
Mu rwego rwo kuyobora iterambere no kuzamura ireme no kongera isoko ryiza ku isoko, gahunda yo gutanga ibyemezo no kwemerera yashyizwe mu bikorwa mu nzego zose z’ubukungu bw’igihugu ndetse no mu nzego zose z’abaturage, kandi hashyizweho ubwoko butandukanye bwo gutanga ibyemezo no kwemerera. ikubiyemo ibicuruzwa, serivisi, sisitemu yo gucunga, abakozi, nibindi, bishobora guhuza ibikenerwa na nyir'isoko hamwe ninzego zishinzwe kugenzura ibintu byose.Binyuze mu bikorwa byo gutanga ibitekerezo no gutanga ibitekerezo byo kwemeza no kumenyekanisha, kuyobora ibicuruzwa no gutanga amasoko, gushiraho uburyo bwiza bwo guhitamo isoko, no guhatira ababikora kuzamura urwego rwimicungire, ibicuruzwa na serivisi nziza, no kongera isoko ryiza.Mu myaka yashize, hakurikijwe ibisabwa n’ivugurura ry’inzego zishinzwe gutanga amasoko, Komisiyo ishinzwe kwemeza no kwemeza yagize uruhare mu kurinda “umurongo wo hasi w’umutekano” no gukurura “umurongo wo hejuru w’ubuziranenge”, ikora ivugurura. ya sisitemu yo gucunga ubuziranenge mu bigo byemewe, kandi ikora impamyabumenyi ihanitse yo mu rwego rwo hejuru mu bijyanye n'ibiribwa, ibicuruzwa na serivisi bya serivisi, ibyo bikaba byaratumye ishyaka ry’ibigo by’isoko ryigenga ryigenga ryigenga.Guhangana n’inzego za leta gushyigikira ubugenzuzi bwubuyobozi no kunoza imikorere yubugenzuzi bwisoko, isoko muri rusange igabanyijemo ibice bibiri: mbere yisoko (mbere yo kugurisha) na nyuma yisoko (nyuma yo kugurisha).Mu kugera ku isoko ryahoze ndetse no kugenzura nyuma y’isoko, kwemeza no kwemerera bishobora guteza imbere inzego za leta guhindura imikorere yazo, no kugabanya kwivanga mu isoko binyuze mu micungire itaziguye n’undi muntu.Mu masoko yahoze ahuza isoko, inzego za leta zishyira mu bikorwa imicungire y’imirima ijyanye n’ubuzima bw’umuntu ku giti cye n’umutekano n’umutekano rusange w’abaturage binyuze mu byemezo byemewe, kubahiriza ubushobozi n’ubundi buryo;Mu kugenzura nyuma y’isoko, inzego za leta zigomba gukinisha inyungu zumwuga zinzego zagatatu mugukurikirana nyuma yisoko, kandi zigafata ibisubizo byabandi bantu nkibisubizo byubugenzuzi kugirango habeho ubugenzuzi bwubumenyi kandi buboneye.Ku bijyanye no gutanga uruhare rwuzuye mu ruhare rwo gutanga ibyemezo no kwemererwa, inzego zibishinzwe ntizigomba kwibanda ku igenzura ryuzuye rya miliyoni amagana y’imishinga iciriritse n’ibicuruzwa, ahubwo igomba kwibanda ku kugenzura umubare muto w’impamyabumenyi no kwemerwa. , ubugenzuzi n’ibizamini, hifashishijwe ibyo bigo kugirango bishobore gukurikiza amabwiriza agenga ibigo, kugirango bigere ku ngaruka zo "guhindura ibiro bibiri kugeza bine".Guteza imbere kubaka ubunyangamugayo mu nzego zose z’umuryango no gushyiraho isoko ryiza, inzego za leta zirashobora gufata amakuru yemeza imishinga n’ibicuruzwa na serivisi nk’ifatizo ry’ingenzi mu gusuzuma ubunyangamugayo no gucunga inguzanyo, kunoza uburyo bwo kwizerana ku isoko, no kunoza uburyo bwo kubona isoko, ibidukikije birushanwe hamwe nibidukikije.Mu rwego rwo kunoza uburyo bwo kugera ku isoko, menya neza ko ibigo n’ibicuruzwa na serivisi byinjira ku isoko byujuje ibisabwa n’ibipimo ngenderwaho n’amategeko n'amabwiriza bijyanye no kwemeza no kumenyekana, kandi bigira uruhare mu kugenzura isoko no kweza isoko;Mu rwego rwo kunoza ibidukikije byo guhatanira isoko, kwemeza no kwemerera bitanga isoko amakuru yigenga, atabogamye, yabigize umwuga kandi yizewe, yirinda kudahuza umutungo uterwa namakuru asimmetrie, akora ibidukikije biboneye kandi biboneye, kandi bigira uruhare muguhuza isoko. gutondekanya no kuyobora kubaho kwizima ku isoko;Mu rwego rwo kunoza ibidukikije bikoreshwa ku isoko, umurimo utaziguye wo kwemeza no kumenyekana ni ukuyobora ibicuruzwa, gufasha abaguzi kumenya ibyiza n'ibibi, kwirinda guhungabanywa n’ibicuruzwa bitujuje ibyangombwa, no kuyobora ibigo gukora nta buryarya, guteza imbere ibicuruzwa na serivisi, no kugira uruhare mu kurengera uburenganzira bw’umuguzi no kuzamura ireme ry’ibicuruzwa.Amasezerano ya WTO yerekeye inzitizi za tekiniki ku bucuruzi (TBT) avuga ko isuzumabumenyi rifatika nk’igipimo cy’ubucuruzi cya tekiniki gikunze gukoreshwa n’abanyamuryango bose, gisaba impande zose kureba niba ingamba zo gusuzuma ihame ritazana inzitizi zidakenewe mu bucuruzi, kandi ishishikarizwa kwemeza amahame yemewe ku rwego mpuzamahanga. uburyo bwo gusuzuma.Igihe Ubushinwa bwinjiraga muri WTO, bwiyemeje guhuriza hamwe uburyo bwo gusuzuma amasoko no guha ubuvuzi bw’igihugu imishinga yo mu gihugu no mu mahanga n’ibicuruzwa.Kwemeza kwemeza no kwemerwa ku rwego mpuzamahanga birashobora kwirinda guhuzagurika no kwigana ubugenzuzi bw’imbere mu gihugu no hanze, kunoza imikorere no gukorera mu mucyo kugenzura amasoko, gufasha gushyiraho ibidukikije mpuzamahanga, no gutanga uburyo bworoshye bw’ubukungu bw’Ubushinwa “gusohoka” na “ kuzana ”.Hamwe no kwihutisha iyubakwa ry '“Umukandara n’umuhanda” hamwe n’ubucuruzi bw’ubucuruzi bwisanzuye, uruhare rwo gutanga ibyemezo no kwemerwa rwarushijeho kugaragara.Mu cyerekezo n'ibikorwa bigamije guteza imbere iyubakwa ry’umuhanda w’ubukungu w’umuhanda wa Silk hamwe n’umuhanda wo mu kinyejana cya 21 wo mu nyanja wo mu nyanja watanzwe n’Ubushinwa, kwemeza no kwemererwa bifatwa nk’ingenzi mu guteza imbere ubucuruzi bunoze no guhuza amategeko.Mu myaka yashize, Ubushinwa na ASEAN, Nouvelle-Zélande, Koreya y'Epfo n'ibindi bihugu byashyizeho gahunda yo kumenyekanisha mu kwemeza no kwemerera.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Werurwe-16-2023