A matsayin kayayyaki na musamman, amfani da kayan kwalliya ya bambanta da na yau da kullun.Yana da tasiri mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi.Masu amfani suna ba da hankali sosai ga hoton masana'antun kayan kwalliya da ingancin samfuran kayan kwalliya.Musamman, halaye masu kyau na kayan kwalliya ba za su iya rabuwa da amincin samfurin (don tabbatar da amincin amfani da dogon lokaci), kwanciyar hankali (don tabbatar da kwanciyar hankali na dogon lokaci), da amfani (don taimakawa kula da ayyukan yau da kullun na physiological na fata). da tasirin haske) da kuma amfani (mai dadi don amfani, jin daɗin amfani), har ma da fifikon mabukaci.Daga cikin su, mafi mahimmancin aminci da kwanciyar hankali dole ne a tabbatar da su ta hanyar ka'idoji da hanyoyin nazarin halittu da kwayoyin halitta.
Dokokin dubawa don kayan shafawa
1.kalmomi na asali
(1)Abubuwan dubawa na yau da kullun.Yana nufin abubuwan da dole ne a bincika don kowane nau'in samfura, gami da alamomin jiki da sinadarai, alamun azanci, jimlar adadin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin alamun tsafta, alamun nauyi da buƙatun bayyanar.
(2) Abubuwan dubawa marasa al'ada.Yana nufin abubuwan da ba a tantance su ba da tsari, kamar abubuwa banda jimillar adadin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin alamun tsafta.
(3) Karɓa da kyau.Yana nufin tsarin zaɓi na cire samfuran daidaikun mutane marasa inganci daga duka rukunin kayan kwalliya ba tare da lalata fakitin tallace-tallace ba.
(4) Misali.Yana nufin ɗaukacin girman samfurin kowane tsari.
(5) Samfurin naúrar.Yana nufin yanki ɗaya na kayan kwalliya, tare da kwalabe, sanduna, jakunkuna da kwalaye azaman yanki na kirgawa.
2.Inspection classification
(1) Duban isarwa
Kafin samfuran su bar masana'anta, sashin bincike na masana'anta zai bincika su da tsari bisa ga ƙa'idodin samfur.Samfuran da suka dace da ma'auni ne kawai za a iya fitar da su.Kowane sashe na samfuran da aka fitar yakamata ya kasance tare da takardar shaidar dacewa.Wanda aka sa hannu zai iya raba saƙon isarwa zuwa batches kuma ya gudanar da bincike bisa ga ƙa'idodi.Abubuwan dubawar isarwa abubuwan dubawa ne na yau da kullun.
(2)Nau'in dubawa
Yawanci, ba kasa da sau ɗaya a shekara ba.Hakanan ya kamata a gudanar da binciken nau'in a ƙarƙashin kowane yanayi masu zuwa.
1) Lokacin da akwai manyan canje-canje a cikin albarkatun ƙasa, matakai, da dabaru waɗanda zasu iya shafar aikin samfur.
2) Lokacin da samfurin ya dawo samarwa bayan dogon lokacin dakatarwa (fiye da watanni 6).
3) Lokacin da sakamakon binciken masana'anta ya bambanta sosai da nau'in binciken na ƙarshe.
4) Lokacin da hukumar kula da ingancin ingancin ƙasa ta ba da shawarar buƙatun dubawa iri.
Nau'in abubuwan dubawa sun haɗa da abubuwan dubawa na yau da kullun da abubuwan da ba na yau da kullun ba.
3.Samfura
Kayayyakin da ke da yanayin tsari iri ɗaya, iri, da kwanakin samarwa ana ɗaukar su rukuni ɗaya ne.Hakanan ma'aikacin na iya isar da samfuran a cikin tsari ɗaya.
(1) Samfurin dubawa na isarwa
Za a gudanar da samfurin kayan dubawa na bayyanar marufi bisa ga tsarin gwaji na biyu na GB/T 2828.1-2003.Daga cikin su, rashin cancanta (rashin lahani) matakin dubawa na rarrabuwa (II) da ingantaccen matakin inganci (AQL: 2.5/10.0) an ƙayyade a cikin Tebura 8-1.
Abubuwan da gwaje-gwaje masu lalata ana yin su bisa ga tsarin GB/T 2828.1-2003, inda IL=S-3 da AQL=4.0.
Abubuwan dubawa na bayyanar marufi an ƙayyade a cikin tebur.
Lura: ① Wannan aikin gwaji ne mai lalata.
Samfurori don duba abubuwan ji, jiki da sinadarai da alamomin tsafta.Ana zaɓar samfuran da suka dace da kayyade bisa ga abubuwan dubawa don duba nau'ikan ji, jiki da alamomin sinadarai da alamun tsabta.
Don ingantacciyar (ƙaramar) duba fihirisa, zaɓi samfuran raka'a 10 ba da gangan ba kuma auna matsakaicin ƙima bisa madaidaicin hanyar gwajin samfurin.
(2) Nau'in samfurin dubawa
Abubuwan dubawa na yau da kullun a cikin nau'in dubawa sun dogara ne akan sakamakon binciken isar da saƙo, kuma ba za a maimaita samfurin ba.
Don abubuwan da ba a saba gani ba na nau'in dubawa, ana iya ɗaukar raka'a 2 zuwa 3 na samfurori daga kowane nau'in samfuran kuma ana bincika su bisa ga hanyoyin da aka kayyade a cikin samfuran samfuran.
4.Sharuɗɗan yanke shawara
(1) Ka'idojin dubawa da ƙayyadaddun bayarwa
Lokacin da alamun tsabta ba su cika ma'auni masu dacewa ba, za a yanke hukunci a matsayin samfurin da ba su cancanta ba kuma ba za su bar masana'anta ba.
Lokacin da kowane ma'aunin azancike, na zahiri da sinadarai bai cika madaidaicin ma'aunin samfur ba, ana ba da izinin sake duba alamun abubuwan, kuma ƙungiyoyin samarwa da buƙatu tare suna ɗaukar samfura.Idan har yanzu ba su cancanta ba, za a yi la'akari da rukunin samfuran a matsayin waɗanda ba su cancanta ba kuma ba za su bar masana'anta ba.
Lokacin da ƙididdiga (ƙaramar) ƙididdiga ba ta cika ka'idodin samfur daidai ba, ana ba da izinin sake dubawa sau biyu.Idan har yanzu ya gaza, za a yi la'akari da rukunin samfuran azaman rukunin da ya gaza.
(2) Nau'in duba dokokin hukunci
Dokokin shari'a don abubuwan dubawa na yau da kullun a cikin nau'in dubawa iri ɗaya ne da waɗanda ake bincikar bayarwa.
Idan ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ba na yau da kullun ba a cikin nau'in binciken bai cika ka'idodin samfur ba, za a yanke hukuncin cewa duka samfuran samfuran ba su cancanta ba.
(3) Duban hukunci
Lokacin da gardama ta taso tsakanin ɓangarorin samarwa da buƙatu game da ingancin samfur, duka ɓangarorin biyu za su gudanar da binciken samfuran tare bisa wannan ƙa'idar, ko kuma ba da izinin tashar sa ido mafi inganci don gudanar da binciken sasantawa.
5.ka'idojin canja wuri
(1) Sai dai in ba haka ba, za a yi amfani da dubawa na yau da kullum a farkon binciken.
(2)Daga al'ada dubawa zuwa tsananin dubawa.A lokacin dubawa na yau da kullun, idan batches 2 daga cikin batches 5 a jere sun gaza binciken farko (ban da batches da aka ƙaddamar don dubawa kuma), rukunin na gaba za a canza shi zuwa babban dubawa.
(3) Daga tsananin dubawa zuwa dubawa na yau da kullun.Lokacin da aka gudanar da tsauraran bincike, idan batches 5 a jere sun wuce binciken farko (ban da sake gabatar da batches na dubawa), za a canza fasalin batch na gaba zuwa binciken al'ada.
6.Duba tsayawa da ci gaba
Bayan an fara tsauraran binciken, idan adadin batches da ba su cancanta ba (ban da batches da aka gabatar don dubawa ba) sun taru zuwa batches 5, za a dakatar da binciken isar da samfur na ɗan lokaci.
Bayan an dakatar da binciken, idan masana'anta suka ɗauki matakan sanya batches ɗin da aka gabatar don dubawa su cika ko wuce daidaitattun buƙatun, za a iya ci gaba da binciken tare da amincewar hukuma mai ƙarfi.Yawancin lokaci yana farawa da tsauraran bincike.
7. Zubar da ciki bayan dubawa
Don inganci (ikon) batches marasa cancanta da rukunin B waɗanda ba su cancanta ba, ana barin masana'anta su sake gabatar da su don dubawa bayan kulawar da ta dace.Miƙa sake ƙaddamarwa don dubawa bisa ga tsauraran tsarin samfur.
Ga rukunin C waɗanda ba su cancanta ba, masana'anta za su sake gabatar da su don dubawa bayan kulawar da ta dace, kuma za a bincika su bisa ƙayyadaddun tsarin ƙira ko sarrafa su ta hanyar tattaunawa tsakanin masu samarwa da masu buƙata.
Hanyar Gwajin Kwanciyar Hannu
Gwajin jure zafi muhimmin abu ne na gwajin kwanciyar hankali don mayukan shafawa, magarya da kayan kwalliya na ruwa, kamar su ruwan gashi, lipstick, ruwan shafa mai ɗanɗano, kwandishana, ruwan rini gashi, shamfu, wankin jiki, tsabtace fuska, gashin baki, Kayayyaki kamar creams da balms ana buƙatar yin gwajin juriya na zafi.
Saboda bayyanar kayan shafawa daban-daban ya bambanta, buƙatun juriya na zafi da hanyoyin aikin gwaji na samfuran daban-daban sun ɗan bambanta.Duk da haka, ainihin ƙa'idodin gwajin sun yi kama da, wato: da farko daidaita incubator akai-akai na wutar lantarki zuwa (40± 1) ° C, sannan ɗauki samfurori guda biyu, sanya ɗaya daga cikinsu a cikin incubator akai-akai na tsawon awanni 24, ɗauka. ya fita, kuma ya koma dakin da zafin jiki.Sa'an nan kuma kwatanta shi da wani samfurin don lura ko yana da ɓacin rai, canza launin launi, delamination da taurin canje-canje don yin hukunci da juriya na zafi na samfurin.
2.Cold juriya gwajin
Kamar gwajin juriya na zafi, gwajin juriya na sanyi shima muhimmin abu ne na gwajin kwanciyar hankali don creams, lotions da samfuran ruwa.
Hakazalika, saboda nau'ikan kayan kwalliya iri-iri suna da bayyanar daban-daban, buƙatun juriya na sanyi da hanyoyin aikin gwaji na samfuran daban-daban sun ɗan bambanta.Duk da haka, ainihin ƙa'idodin gwajin sun kasance iri ɗaya, wato: da farko daidaita firiji zuwa (-5 ~ -15) ± 1 ℃, sannan a ɗauki samfurori guda biyu, sanya ɗaya daga cikinsu a cikin firiji na tsawon awanni 24, cire shi. , da mayar da shi.Bayan zafin daki, kwatanta shi da wani samfurin don lura ko yana da ɓacin rai, canza launinsa, canza launi da taurin don yin hukunci da juriyar sanyi na samfurin.
3.Centrifuge gwajin
Gwajin centrifugal gwaji ne don gwada rayuwar rayuwar kayan shafawa.Hanya ce ta gwaji don haɓaka gwajin rabuwa.Misali, mai wanke fuska, ruwan shafa mai damshi, ruwan rini na gashi, da sauransu duk suna bukatar a sanya su a tsakiya.Hanyar ita ce: sanya samfurin a cikin centrifuge, gwada a gudun (2000 ~ 4000) r / min na minti 30, kuma kula da rabuwa da ƙaddamar da samfurin.
4.Launi kwanciyar hankali gwajin
Gwajin kwanciyar hankali na launi gwaji ne don bincika ko launin kayan kwalliyar kayan kwalliyar ya tsaya tsayin daka.Tun da abun da ke ciki da kaddarorin nau'ikan kayan kwalliya daban-daban sun bambanta, hanyoyin binciken su ma sun bambanta.Misali, gwajin kwanciyar hankali na launi na ruwan shafa gashi yana amfani da hanyar hasken ultraviolet, kuma gwajin kwanciyar hankali na launi na turare da ruwan bayan gida yana amfani da hanyar dumama tanda.
Gaba ɗaya hanyoyin dubawa don kayan shafawa
1. Tabbatar da ƙimar pH
Ƙimar pH na fatar mutum gabaɗaya tsakanin 4.5 da 6.5, wanda shine acidic.Wannan shi ne saboda fuskar fata ta rabu zuwa fata da gumi, wanda ya ƙunshi abubuwa masu acidic kamar lactic acid, amino acid kyauta, uric acid, da fatty acids.Dangane da halaye na physiological na fata, cream da kayan shafawa ya kamata su sami ƙimar pH daban-daban don saduwa da buƙatu daban-daban.Sabili da haka, ƙimar pH shine muhimmiyar alamar aiki na kayan shafawa.
Yi la'akari da wani yanki na samfurin (daidai zuwa 0.1g), ƙara kashi 10 na ruwa mai narkewa sau da yawa, motsawa akai-akai, zafi zuwa 40 ° C don narkar da shi gaba daya, sanyi zuwa (25± 1) ° C ko zafin jiki, kuma saita. a gefe.
Idan samfur ne tare da babban abun ciki mai, ana iya mai da shi zuwa (70 ~ 80) ℃, kuma bayan sanyaya, cire shingen mai don amfani da baya;Ana iya haɗe samfuran foda da tace don amfani daga baya.Auna ƙimar pH bisa ga umarnin pH mita.
2. Tabbatar da danko
Lokacin da ruwa ke gudana a ƙarƙashin rinjayar ƙarfin waje, juriya tsakanin ƙwayoyinsa ana kiransa danko (ko danko).Danko yana da mahimmancin dukiya ta jiki na ruwaye kuma ɗayan mahimman alamun inganci don cream da kayan shafawa.Ana auna danko gabaɗaya tare da na'urar gani mai jujjuyawa.
Cashmere ne mai kyau cashmere wanda ke tsiro a tushen gashin akuya.Tun da diamita ya fi ulun tumaki sirara, zai iya riƙe da iska mai ƙarfi, don haka yana da kyawawan abubuwan daɗaɗɗen zafin jiki kuma makamin sihiri ne ga awaki don jure sanyin sanyi.Kuma saboda ma'auni a saman fiber na cashmere yana da bakin ciki kuma yana manne da igiyoyin fiber, samfuran cashmere suna da mafi kyawun haske, jin daɗi da ƙarancin wrinkles fiye da samfuran ulu.Lokacin da awaki ke zubar da gashin kansu kowane bazara, ana samun cashmere ta hanyar tsefe.Yana ɗaukar gashin awaki biyar don jujjuya rigar cashmere 250g.Saboda karancin kayan aiki, ana kuma san cashmere da "zinari mai laushi".
3. Auna turbidity
Turare, ruwan kai da kayan magarya ko wasu abubuwan da ba a iya narkewa waɗanda ba a raba su gaba ɗaya saboda rashin isasshen lokacin tsufa, ko kuma saboda abubuwan da ba za a iya narkewa kamar su tsoma ɗanko da cikakken abun ciki na kakin zuma suna da yawa, suna da sauƙin haifar da samfurin. ya zama gajimare, kuma girgije yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan batutuwa masu inganci tare da waɗannan kayan shafawa.Ana auna turbidity ta hanyar dubawa ta gani.
(1) Ka'idoji na asali
Gwaji da gani na samfurin a cikin wankan ruwa ko wani na'urar firiji.
(2) Reagents
Ice cubes ko ruwan kankara (ko wasu firji masu dacewa 5°C ƙasa da zafin da aka auna)
(3) Matakan aunawa
Saka ƙunan ƙanƙara ko ruwan ƙanƙara a cikin baƙar fata, ko wasu firji masu dacewa waɗanda ke ƙasa da 5°C ƙasa da zafin da aka auna.
Ɗauki sassa biyu na samfurin kuma ku zuba su cikin bututun gwajin gilashin φ2cm × 13cm da aka bushe.Tsayin samfurin shine 1/3 na tsawon gwajin gwajin.Toshe bakin bututun gwajin damtse tare da madaidaicin ma'aunin zafi da sanyio don ta yadda ma'aunin mercury na ma'aunin zafi ya kasance a tsakiyar samfurin.
Sanya wani bututun gwajin φ3cm × 15cm akan wajen bututun gwajin domin bututun gwajin da ke dauke da samfurin ya kasance a tsakiyar cabu.Yi hankali kada a taɓa gindin bututun gwaji guda biyu.Sanya bututun gwajin a cikin baƙar fata tare da firiji don kwantar da hankali, ta yadda zafin samfurin ya ragu a hankali, kuma duba ko samfurin ya fito fili lokacin da ya kai ƙayyadaddun zazzabi.Yi amfani da wani samfurin azaman sarrafawa lokacin dubawa.Maimaita ma'auni sau ɗaya kuma sakamakon biyu ya kamata su kasance daidai.
(4) Bayyana sakamako
A ƙayyadadden zafin jiki, idan samfurin har yanzu yana bayyane kamar samfurin asali, sakamakon gwajin samfurin ya bayyana kuma ba turbid ba.
(5) Hattara
① Wannan hanya ta dace da ƙayyadaddun turbidity na turare, ruwan kai da kayan shafa.
② Samfura daban-daban suna da ƙayyadaddun yanayin zafi daban-daban.Misali: turare 5℃, ruwan bayan gida 10℃.
4.Determination na dangi yawa
Dangantaka mai yawa tana nufin rabon adadin wani ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun abu zuwa yawan adadin ruwa ɗaya.Yana da muhimmiyar alamar aiki na kayan shafawa na ruwa.
5.Determination na kwanciyar hankali launi
Launi shine muhimmin alamar aiki na kayan kwalliya, kuma kwanciyar hankalin launi yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan lamuran ingancin kayan kwalliya.Babban hanyar auna daidaiton launi shine dubawa na gani.
(1) Ka'idoji na asali
Kwatanta canjin launi na samfurin bayan dumama zuwa wani zazzabi.
(2) Matakan aunawa
Ɗauki kashi biyu na samfurin kuma ku zuba shi cikin bututun gwajin φ2 × 13cm guda biyu bi da bi.Tsayin samfurin shine kusan 2/3 na tsawon bututu.Toshe shi da abin toshe kwalaba kuma saka ɗaya daga cikinsu a cikin yanayin da aka riga aka daidaita na (48± 1) ℃.A cikin akwatin zazzabi akai-akai, buɗe madaidaicin bayan sa'a 1, sa'an nan kuma ci gaba da toshe shi, kuma ci gaba da saka shi a cikin akwatin zazzabi akai-akai.Bayan sa'o'i 24, cire shi kuma kwatanta shi da wani samfurin.Kada a sami canjin launi.
(3) Maganar sakamako
A ƙayyadadden zafin jiki, idan samfurin har yanzu yana kula da launi na asali, sakamakon gwajin samfurin shine cewa launi yana da tsayi kuma baya canza launi.
6. Ƙaddara abubuwan da ke cikin turare da ruwan bayan gida
Turare yana ba da kayan kwalliya wani ƙamshi kuma yana kawo ladabi da kwanciyar hankali ga masu amfani.Kusan duk kayan kwalliya suna amfani da kamshi, don haka kamshi yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan kayan kwalliyar kayan kwalliya.Hanyar da aka saba amfani da ita don tantance ƙamshi a cikin kayan kwalliya ita ce hanyar hakar ether.
(1) Ka'idoji na asali
Yin amfani da ka'idar cewa jigon yana da kuskure a cikin diethyl ether, ana fitar da ainihin daga samfurin tare da diethyl ether, kuma an cire ether sannan a auna don samun ainihin abun ciki.
(2) Reagents
①Ether, anhydrous sodium sulfate
② Maganin Sodium chloride: Ƙara daidaitaccen ƙarar ruwa mai narkewa zuwa cikakken maganin sodium chloride.
(3) Matakan aunawa
Daidai auna (20 ~ 50) g na samfurin da za a gwada (daidai zuwa 0.000 2 g) a cikin mazugi mai siffar pear 1 L, sannan a ƙara 300 ml na maganin sodium chloride.Sa'an nan kuma ƙara 70 ml na diethyl ether, girgiza, kuma bari ya tsaya don raba yadudduka.Yi jimlar abubuwan cirewa uku.Sanya abubuwan ethyl ether guda uku tare a cikin mazugi mai nau'in pear 1 L, ƙara 200 ml na maganin sodium chloride, girgiza kuma a wanke., bari a tsaya don shimfidawa, jefar da maganin sodium chloride, canja wurin cirewar ether zuwa flask na Erlenmeyer 500 ml, ƙara 5 g anhydrous sodium sulfate, girgiza, bushe da bushewa.Tace maganin a cikin busasshen busassun kuma tsaftataccen busasshiyar 300 ml, kurkura flask ɗin Erlenmeyer tare da ɗan ƙaramin ether, haɗa eluent a cikin beaker, kuma sanya beaker a cikin ruwan wanka na 50 ° C don ƙafewa.Lokacin da maganin ya ƙafe zuwa 20 ml, canja wurin maganin zuwa ga abin da aka riga aka auna 50 ml, ci gaba da fitar da ruwa har sai an cire ether, sanya beaker a cikin desiccator, vacuum kuma rage matsa lamba zuwa (6.67 × 10³) Pa, da sanya. shi don 1 h, yana yin awo.
(4) Lissafin sakamako
An ƙididdige yawan juzu'in w na cirewar ether bisa ga tsari mai zuwa.
w=(m1-m0)/m
A cikin dabara: m0—— taro na beaker, g;
m1——Yawan ƙwayar beaker da ether tsantsa, g;
m——samfurin taro, g.
(5) Hattara
①Wannan hanya ta dace da kayan kwalliya kamar turare, cologne da ruwan bayan gida.
②Kuskuren da aka yarda na sakamakon gwajin layi daya shine 0.5%.
Lokacin aikawa: Janairu-17-2024