Ndeapi makodhi certification makodhi ayo zvigadzirwa zvekutengesa kunze kwenyika zvinoda kupfuura kune dzimwe nyika?Aya macertification mamaki anorevei?Ngatitarisei kune azvino makumi maviri echitupa anocherechedzwa pasi rose zviratidzo uye zvazvinoreva munyika huru, uye ona kuti zvigadzirwa zvako zvapfuura chitupa chinotevera.
1. CECE chiratidzo chiratidzo chekuchengetedza chitupa, chinotaridzirwa sepasipoti yevagadziri kuti vavhure uye vapinde mumusika weEurope.CE inomirira European Union.Zvese zvigadzirwa zvine mucherechedzo we "CE" zvinogona kutengeswa munyika dziri nhengo dzeEU pasina kusangana nezvinodiwa nenyika yega yega nhengo, nekudaro kuona kutenderera kwemahara kwezvinhu mukati menhengo dzeEU.
2.ROHSROHS ndiyo chidimbu cheKurambidzwa kwekushandiswa kwezvimwe zvinhu zvine ngozi mumagetsi nemagetsi.ROHS inonyora zvinhu zvitanhatu zvine njodzi, zvinosanganisira lead Pb, cadmium Cd, mercury Hg, hexavalent chromium Cr6+, PBDE uye PBB.IEuropean Union yakatanga kushandisa ROHS musi waChikunguru 1, 2006. Zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi nemagetsi zvinoshandisa kana kuti zvine simbi inorema, PBDE, PBB nezvimwe zvinodzivirira moto hazvibvumirwi kupinda mumusika weEU.ROHS inotarisa kune zvese zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi nemagetsi zvinogona kunge zvine zvinhu zvitanhatu zvinokuvadza zviri pamusoro mukugadzira uye zvigadzirwa, kunyanya zvinosanganisira: midziyo michena, senge mafiriji, michina yekuwachisa, maoveni emicrowave, maair conditioner, vacuum cleaners, mahita emvura, nezvimwe. ...Zvishandiso zvemagetsi, matoyi emagetsi emagetsi, midziyo yemagetsi yekurapa.Cherechedza: Kana mutengi achibvunza kana ane rohs, anofanira kubvunza kana achida kupedza rohs kana mbishi rohs.Mamwe mafekitari haakwanise kugadzira ma rohs apera.Mutengo werohs unowanzo 10% - 20% yakakwirira kupfuura yezvigadzirwa zvakajairika.
3. ULUL ndiyo chidimbu che Underwriter Laboratories Inc. muchirungu.UL Safety Testing Institute isangano rehurumende rine chiremera zvikuru muUnited States, uyewo sangano guru revanhu rinoita bvunzo dzekuchengetedza uye kuzivikanwa munyika.Iyo inzvimbo yakazvimirira, isina purofiti, nyanzvi inoitisa ongororo kuitira kuchengetedza veruzhinji.Inoshandisa nzira dzesainzi dzekuyedza kudzidza uye kuona kana zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana, zvishandiso, zvigadzirwa, zvishandiso, zvivakwa, nezvimwe zvinokuvadza kuhupenyu nemidziyo uye chiyero chekukuvadza;Sarudza, gadzirira uye buritsa zviyero zvinoenderana uye zvigadzirwa zvinogona kubatsira kuderedza uye kudzivirira kurasikirwa kwehupenyu nemidziyo, uye kuita bhizinesi rekutsvaga chokwadi panguva imwe chete.Muchidimbu, inonyanya kuita chitupa chekuchengetedzwa kwechigadzirwa uye mashandiro ekuchengetedza zvitupa bhizinesi, uye chinangwa chayo chekupedzisira kupa mupiro kumusika kuti uwane zvinhu zvine mwero wakachengeteka, uye kuve nechokwadi chehutano hwemunhu nekuchengetedzwa kwemidziyo.Kana iri chitupa chekuchengetedzwa kwechigadzirwa senzira inoshanda yekubvisa zvipingamupinyi zvehunyanzvi pakutengeserana kwenyika, UL inoitawo basa rakanaka mukusimudzira kusimukira kwekutengeserana kwenyika.Cherechedza: UL haisungirwe kupinda muUnited States.
4. FDA Food and Drug Administration yeUnited States inonzi FDA.FDA ndeimwe yemasangano makuru akagadzwa neHurumende yeUnited States muDhipatimendi reHutano neHuman Services (DHHS) uye Dhipatimendi reHutano Hwevanhu (PHS).Basa reFDA nderekuona kuchengetedzwa kwechikafu, zvekuzora, zvinodhaka, biological agents, zvekurapa uye zvigadzirwa zveradioactive zvinogadzirwa kana kutengwa kunze kwenyika muUnited States.Mushure mechiitiko chaGunyana 11, vanhu vemuUnited States vakatenda kuti zvaive zvakakodzera kuvandudza kuchengetedzwa kwechikafu.Mushure mekunge United States Congress yapasisa Public Health and Safety and Bioterrorism Prevention and Response Act ya2002 muna Chikumi gore rapfuura, yakapa US $500 miriyoni yekubvumidza FDA kuumba mitemo chaiyo yekuitwa kweMutemo.Zvinoenderana nemutemo, FDA ichapa yakakosha nhamba yekunyoresa kune wese anonyorera anonyorera.Chikafu chinotengeswa kunze kwenyika nemasangano ekunze kuUnited States chinofanirwa kuziviswa kuUnited States Food and Drug Administration maawa makumi maviri nemana chisati chasvika pachiteshi cheUnited States, zvikasadaro chinorambwa kupinda uye kuvharirwa pachiteshi chekupinda.Ongorora: FDA inoda kunyoreswa chete, kwete chitupa.
5. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) yakavambwa muna 1934 sesangano rakazvimirira rehurumende yeUnited States uye rine mutoro wakananga kuCongress.FCC inoronga nhaurirano dzemumba nedzekunze nekudzora redhiyo, terevhizheni, kufambiswa kwemashoko, masatellite uye tambo.Hofisi yeUinjiniya neTekinoroji yeFCC ine basa rekutsigira tekinoroji yekomiti uye kubvumidzwa kwemidziyo kuitira kuti ive nechokwadi chekuchengetedzwa kweredhiyo newaya zvigadzirwa zvekutaurirana zvine chekuita nehupenyu nemidziyo, zvinosanganisira nyika dzinopfuura makumi mashanu, Colombia nematunhu. pasi pesimba reUnited States.Zvizhinji zvekushandisa redhiyo zvigadzirwa, zvigadzirwa zvekutaurirana uye zvigadzirwa zvedhijitari zvinoda mvumo yeFCC kupinda mumusika weUS.Komiti yeFCC inoongorora nekuongorora matanho akasiyana-siyana ekuchengetedzwa kwechigadzirwa kuti iwane nzira yakanakisa yekugadzirisa dambudziko.Panguva imwecheteyo, FCC inosanganisirawo kuonekwa kwemidziyo yeredhiyo uye ndege.Federal Communications Commission (FCC) inodzora kupinza uye kushandiswa kweredhiyo frequency zvishandiso, zvinosanganisira makomputa, michina yefax, michina yemagetsi, redhiyo yekugamuchira uye yekufambisa michina, matoyi anodzorwa neredhiyo, nhare, makomputa emunhu uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa zvinogona kukuvadza kuchengetedzwa kwemunhu.Kana zvigadzirwa izvi zvichizoendeswa kunze kwenyika kuUnited States, zvinofanirwa kuongororwa uye kubvumidzwa nerabhoritari yakatenderwa nehurumende zvinoenderana neFCC tekinoroji zviyero.Mutengesi uye mumiririri wetsika achazivisa kuti mudziyo wega wega weredhiyo unoenderana neFCC standard, kureva rezinesi reFCC.
6.Maererano nekuzvipira kweChina kupinda muWTO uye musimboti wekuratidza mabatirwo enyika, CCC inoshandisa mamakisi akabatana pakumanikidza chigadzirwa chitupa.Zita renyika itsva yekumanikidzira chitupa mucherechedzo nderekuti "China Compulsory Certification", zita rechirungu ndi "China Compulsory Certification", uye chidimbu cheChirungu "CCC".Mushure mekushandiswa kweChina Compulsory Certification Mako, zvishoma nezvishoma ichatsiva yekutanga "Great Wall" chiratidzo uye "CCIB" chiratidzo.
7. CSACSA ndiyo chidimbu cheCanadian Standards Association, iyo yakavambwa muna 1919 uye ndiro sangano rekutanga risingaite purofiti muCanada kugadzira zviyero zvemaindasitiri.Zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi nemagetsi zvinotengeswa mumusika wekuNorth America zvinoda kuwana chitupa chekuchengetedza.Parizvino, CSA ndiyo chiremera chikuru chekuchengetedza zvitupa muCanada uye imwe yezviremera zvine mukurumbira zvekuchengetedza zvitupa pasirese.Inogona kupa chitupa chekuchengetedza kune ese marudzi ezvigadzirwa mumichina, zvekuvaka, midziyo yemagetsi, komputa zvishandiso, midziyo yehofisi, kuchengetedza kwezvakatipoteredza, kuchengetedza moto wekurapa, mitambo uye varaidzo.CSA yakapa masevhisi etifiketi kuzviuru zvevagadziri pasi rese, uye mazana emamiriyoni ezvigadzirwa zvine CSA logo zvinotengeswa mumusika wekuNorth America gore rega.
8. DIN Deutsche Institute fur Normung.DIN ndiyo chiremera chekumisikidza muGermany, uye inotora chikamu mumasangano epasirese uye ematunhu asiri ehurumende ekumisikidza masangano sesangano renyika.DIN yakabatana neInternational Organisation for Standardization muna 1951. IGermany Electrotechnical Commission (DKE), yakabatanidzwa neDIN uye German Association of Electrical Engineers (VDE), inomiririra Germany muInternational Electrotechnical Commission.DIN zvakare iEuropean Commission for Standardization uye European Electrotechnical Standard.
9. BSI British Standards Institute (BSI) ndiyo yakatanga pasi rose yekumisa mitemo, isingadzorwi nehurumende asi yakawana rutsigiro rwakasimba kubva kuhurumende.BSI inovandudza uye inodzokorora British Standards uye inosimudzira kushandiswa kwayo.
10.Kubva pakugadzirisa uye kuzarura kweGB, China yakatanga kushandisa hupfumi hwehupfumi hwemagariro evanhu, uye zvose misika yemumba uye yekutengeserana kwenyika yakakurumidza kukura.Mazhinji mabhizinesi ekutengesa kunze kwenyika muChina haakwanise kupinda mumusika wepasirese nekuti haanzwisise zvinodiwa nemasisitimu ezvitupa edzimwe nyika, uye mutengo wezvinhu zvakawanda zvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika wakadzikira zvakanyanya pane zvakatemerwa zvigadzirwa zvakafanana munyika inotambira.Naizvozvo, mabhizinesi aya anofanirwa kushandisa mari yekunze yakakosha gore rega rega kunyorera certification yekunze uye nekupa marepoti ekuongorora nemasangano ekuongorora kunze kwenyika.Kuti izadzise zvido zvekutengeserana nedzimwe nyika, nyika yave kushandisa zvishoma nezvishoma hurongwa hwekupa zvitupa hunogamuchirwa pasi rose.Musi waChivabvu 7, 1991, State Council yakapa Mitemo yePeople's Republic of China pamusoro peChigadzirwa Quality Certification, uye State Administration yeTechnical Supervision yakapawo mimwe mitemo yekuita Mitemo, ichiona kuti basa rekupa zvitupa rinoitwa zvakarongeka. maitiro.Kubva payakavambwa muna 1954, CNEEC yanga ichishanda nesimba kuti iwane kuzivikanwa kune dzimwe nyika kuitira kuti ishumire kunze kwenyika zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi.Muna Chikumi 1991, CNEEC yakagamuchirwa neManagement Committee (Mc) yeInternational Electrotechnical Commission yeSafety Certification yeMagetsi Zvigadzirwa (iEcEE) sechiremera chezvitupa chenyika chakaziva uye kupa chitupa cheCB.Zviteshi zvipfumbamwe zviri pasi pekuyedza zvinogamuchirwa seCB laboratory (certification agency laboratory).Chero bedzi bhizinesi richinge rawana cB chitupa uye mushumo webvunzo wakapihwa neKomisheni, idzo nyika makumi matatu dziri muIECEE-CcB system dzichazivikanwa, uye hapana masampuli achatumirwa kunyika inopinza kunoongororwa, izvo zvinochengetedza zvese mutengo. uye nguva yekuwana certification chitupa chenyika, iyo inobatsira zvakanyanya kutengesa kunze zvigadzirwa.
11. Nekuvandudzwa kwemagetsi nemagetsi tekinoroji, zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi zvemumba zviri kuwedzera kufarirwa uye zvemagetsi, redhiyo neterevhizheni, post uye telecommunication uye makomputa network zviri kuwedzera kugadzirwa, uye nharaunda yemagetsi iri kuwedzera kuoma uye kuderera, zvichiita kuti kuenderana kwemagetsi kwemagetsi. uye zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi (EMC electromagnetic interference EMI uye electromagnetic interference EMS) nyaya dzinowanawo kuwedzera kutariswa kubva kuhurumende nemabhizinesi ekugadzira.Iyo electromagnetic kuenderana (EMC) yemagetsi nemagetsi zvigadzirwa indekisi yakakosha yemhando.Izvo hazvina hukama chete nekuvimbika uye kuchengetedzeka kwechigadzirwa pachacho, asi zvakare zvinogona kukanganisa kushanda kwakajairwa kweimwe michina uye masisitimu, uye zvine chekuita nekuchengetedzwa kwenzvimbo yemagetsi.Hurumende yeEC inoti kubva muna Ndira 1, 1996, zvese zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi nezvemagetsi zvinofanirwa kupasa EMC certification uye zvakanamirwa mucherechedzo weEC zvisati zvatengeswa mumusika weEC.Izvi zvakonzera kurudziro yakapararira pasirese, uye hurumende dzakatora matanho ekumanikidza manejimendi pakuitwa kweRMC kwezvigadzirwa zvemagetsi nemagetsi.Iine simba pasi rose, seEU 89/336/EEC.
12. PSEPSE chitambi chetifiketi chakapihwa neJapan JET (Japan Electrical Safety&Environment) yezvigadzirwa zvemagetsi nemagetsi zvinoenderana nemirairo yekuchengetedzwa kweJapan.Zvinoenderana nezvinopihwa neJapan's DENTORL Law (Law on the Control of Electrical Installations and Materials), 498 zvigadzirwa zvinofanirwa kupasa chitupa chekuchengetedza zvisati zvapinda mumusika weJapan.
13. Mucherechedzo weGSGS chiratidzo chekuchengetedza chitupa chakapihwa neTUV, VDE nemamwe masangano akabvumidzwa neGerman Ministry of Labor.Chiratidzo cheGS chiratidzo chekuchengetedza chinogamuchirwa nevatengi vekuEurope.Kazhinji, mutengo weyuniti yezvigadzirwa zvakasimbiswa zveGS wakakwira uye unotengeswa.
14. ISO International Organisation for Standardization ndiro sangano guru repasi rose risiri rehurumende rinoona nezvekudzikamisa, iro rinoita basa rinotungamira mukumisikidzwa kwepasi rose.ISO inogadza mitemo yenyika.Zviitiko zvikuru zveISO kugadzira zviyero zvepasirese, kuronga basa rekumisikidza pasi rese, kuronga nyika dzenhengo nemakomiti ehunyanzvi kuchinjana ruzivo, uye kushandirapamwe nemamwe masangano epasi rese kuti vadzidze pamwe chete nyaya dzakafanira.
15.HACCPHACCP ndiyo chidimbu che "Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point", kureva, kuongororwa kwengozi uye nzvimbo yekudzora yakakosha.HACCP system inoonekwa seyakanyanya uye inoshanda kwazvo manejimendi system yekudzora kuchengetedzwa kwechikafu uye kunaka kwemhando.Iyo yenyika standard GB/T15091-1994 Basic Terminology yeChikafu Indasitiri inotsanangura HACCP senzira yekudzora yekugadzira (kugadzirisa) chikafu chakachengeteka;Ongorora zvigadzirwa, makiyi ekugadzira maitiro uye zvinhu zvevanhu zvinokanganisa kuchengetedzwa kwechigadzirwa, tarisa zvakakosha zvinongedzo mukugadzirisa, gadza uye uvandudze maitiro ekutarisa uye zviyero, uye tora nhanho dzekugadzirisa.Chiyero chepasi rose CAC/RCP-1, General Principles for Food Hygiene, Revision 3, 1997, inotsanangura HACCP senzira yekuziva, kuongorora uye kudzora njodzi dzakakosha pakuchengetedza chikafu.
16. GMPGMP ndiwo chidimbu cheGood Manufacturing Practice muChirungu, zvinoreva kuti “Good Manufacturing Practice” muchiChinese.Iyo imhando yekutonga inobhadhara zvakanyanya kune kuitwa kwehutsanana hwekudya uye kuchengetedzeka mukugadzira maitiro.Muchidimbu, GMP inoda kuti mabhizinesi ekugadzira chikafu anofanirwa kuve nemidziyo yakanaka yekugadzira, nzira yekugadzira inonzwisisika, manejimendi emhando yakakwana uye yakasimba yekuona sisitimu yekuona kuti mhando yezvigadzirwa zvekupedzisira (kusanganisira kuchengetedzwa kwechikafu nehutsanana) zvinosangana nezvinodiwa.Izvo zvirimo zvakatsanangurwa muGMP ndiwo akanyanya kukosha mamiriro ayo mabhizinesi ekugadzira chikafu anofanira kusangana.
17. REACH REACH ndiyo chidimbu chemutemo weEU "REGULATION CONCERNING THE REGISTRATION, EVALUATION, AGULIVE AND RESTRICTION OF CHEMICALS".Ikemikari yekutarisa hurongwa hwakagadzwa neEU uye hunoitwa musi waChikumi 1, 2007. Ichi chirevo chekutonga chine chekuita nekugadzirwa, kutengeserana uye kushandiswa kwekuchengetedzwa kwemakemikari, ayo ane chinangwa chekuchengetedza hutano hwevanhu uye kuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza, kuchengetedza nekuvandudza kukwikwidza. indasitiri yemakemikari yeEuropean Union, uye gadzira hunyanzvi hwekugona kweasiri-chepfu uye asingakuvadzi makomisheni.Iyo REACH dhairekitori inoda kuti makemikari anotengeswa kunze kwenyika uye anogadzirwa muEurope anofanirwa kuenda kuburikidza neseti yemaitiro akazara akadai sekunyoresa, kuongorora, mvumo uye kurambidzwa, kuitira kuti zvive nani uye zviri nyore kuona zvikamu zvemakemikari kuve nechokwadi chekuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza uye kuchengetedzwa kwevanhu.Iyo dhairekitori inonyanya kusanganisira kunyoresa, kuongorora, mvumo, kurambidzwa uye zvimwe zvinhu zvikuru.Chero chipi zvacho chinofanirwa kunge chine faira rekunyoresa rinoratidza zvikamu zvemakemikari, uye tsanangura mashandisiro anoita mugadziri aya zvinhu zvemakemikari uye toxicity evaluation report.Ruzivo rwese ruchaiswa mudhatabhesi iri kuvakwa, iyo inotungamirwa neEuropean Chemical Agency, iyo itsva EU agency iri muHelsinki, Finland.
18. HALALHalal, pakutanga inoreva kuti "zvemutemo", inoshandurirwa mu "halal" muchiChinese, ndiko kuti, zvokudya, mishonga, zvizoro uye zvokudya, mishonga, zvizoro zvinowedzera zvinosangana nemararamiro uye zvido zveMuslim.Malaysia, nyika yechiMuslim, yakagara yakazvipira mukusimudzira indasitiri ye halal (halal).Iyo halal (halal) certification yakapihwa navo ine kuvimbika kwakanyanya munyika uye inovimbwa neruzhinji rweMuslim.Misika yekuNorth America neEurope inozivawo zvishoma nezvishoma kugona kukuru kwezvigadzirwa zve halal, uye havana kumboedza kuedza kutanga kutsvagisa nekusimudzira uye kugadzira zvigadzirwa zvakakodzera, uye vakagadzirawo mazinga anoenderana nematanho ekuitisa halal certification.
19. C/A-tick C/A-tick certification chiratidzo chinopihwa neAustralian Communications Authority (ACA) chemidziyo yekutaurirana.C-tick certification kutenderera: 1-2 mavhiki.Chigadzirwa chacho chiri pasi peiyo ACAQ technical standard test, inonyoresa neACA yekushandisa A/C-Tick, inozadza “Declaration of Conformity Form”, uye inoichengeta iine chigadzirwa chinoenderana nerekodhi.Mucherechedzo weA/C-Tick wakanamirwa pachigadzirwa chekutaura kana mudziyo.A-Tiki inotengeswa kune vatengi inongoshanda kune zvigadzirwa zvekutaurirana.Zvizhinji zvezvigadzirwa zvemagetsi ndezveC-Tick, asi kana zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi zvikanyorera A-Tick, hazvifanirwe kunyorera C-Tick.Kubva muna Mbudzi 2001, zvikumbiro zveEMI kubva kuAustralia/New Zealand zvakabatanidzwa;Kana chigadzirwa chichizotengeswa munyika mbiri idzi, magwaro anotevera anofanira kunge akazara asati atengeswa kuti aongororwe neACA (Australian Communications Authority) kana New Zealand (Ministry of Economic Development) zviremera chero nguva.Australia's EMC system inokamura zvigadzirwa mumatanho matatu.Vasati vatengesa Level 2 uye Level 3 zvigadzirwa, vatengesi vanofanirwa kunyoresa neACA uye kunyorera kushandiswa kweC-Tick logo.
20. SAASAA inosimbiswa ne Standards Association yeAustralia, saka shamwari dzakawanda dzinodaidza Australian certification SAA.SAA inoreva chisimbiso chekuti zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi zvinopinda mumusika weAustralia zvinofanirwa kutevedzera mirairo yekuchengetedza yemuno, iyo inowanzotarisana neindasitiri.Nekuda kwechibvumirano chekubatana pakati peAustralia neNew Zealand, zvigadzirwa zvese zvakasimbiswa neAustralia zvinogona kutengeswa zvinobudirira mumusika weNew Zealand.Zvese zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi zvichave pasi pekuchengetedza certification (SAA).Kune marudzi maviri makuru eiyo SAA logo, imwe ndeyekutenderwa zviri pamutemo, uye imwe yakajairika logo.Chitupa chepamutemo chinongokonzeresa masampuli, nepo mamaki akajairwa achifanirwa kuongororwa nefekitari yega yega.Parizvino, kune nzira mbiri dzekunyorera SAA certification muChina.Imwe ndeyekuendesa CB test report.Kana pasina CB test report, unogona kunyorera zvakananga.Kazhinji, nguva yekunyorera chitupa cheAustralia SAA chemarambi eIT AV uye midziyo midiki yemumba ndeye 3-4 mavhiki.Kana chigadzirwa chemhando isiri kusvika pachiyero, zuva rinogona kuwedzerwa.Kana uchiendesa mushumo kuAustralia kuti uongororwe, zvinodikanwa kuti upe SAA chitupa chepuragi yechigadzirwa (kunyanya kune zvigadzirwa zvine plug), zvikasadaro hazvibatike.Pamusoro pezvikamu zvakakosha muchigadzirwa, zvakadai semarambi, zvinotarisirwa kupa SAA certificate ye transformer mumwenje, kana zvisina kudaro iyo data yekuongorora yeAustralia haizopfuuri.
Nguva yekutumira: Feb-27-2023